Control system for wireless communication parking meter

ABSTRACT

An electronic parking meter mechanism is provided. The electronic meter mechanism includes an inner housing, an electronic display screen and a wireless communication subsystem configured to wirelessly communicate with a parking management system. The electronic meter mechanism includes a first processor configured to control the electronic display screen, and a second processor configured to control communication of data by the wireless communication subsystem.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/484,568 titled “PARKING METER SYSTEMS AND METHODS,”filed May 10, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of parking metersystems, devices and methods. The present invention relates specificallyto a parking meter system equipped for wireless communication betweenthe various components of the parking system.

Single space parking meters are typically associated with a singleparking space. To utilize an individually metered parking space, amotorist typically inserts money into the parking meter, and the parkingmeter displays an amount of time related to the amount of moneyinserted. A multi-space meter typically provides a single paymentlocation for more than one parking spot, and the multi-space meterreceives payment and tracks meter time for the multiple parking spots.For either type of meter, the motorist may park at the metered spot forthe amount of parking time purchased. When the time on the meterexpires, the motorist may move their car or add more time to the meter.If the meter expires and the motorist remains parked at the meter, aparking enforcement officer may issue a parking ticket. A city or otherentity may operate a city wide system of single space parking metersand/or multi-space meters.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Generally, one embodiment of the invention relates to an electronicparking meter mechanism. The electronic meter mechanism includes aninner housing, an electronic display screen and a wireless communicationsubsystem configured to wirelessly communicate with a parking managementsystem. The electronic meter mechanism includes a first processorconfigured to control the electronic display screen, and a secondprocessor configured to control communication of data by the wirelesscommunication subsystem.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to an electronic parkingmeter mechanism including an inner housing including a front side and arear side. The mechanism includes an electronic display screen supportedby the inner housing and a first processor configured to control theelectronic display screen. The mechanism includes a wirelesscommunication subsystem supported by the inner housing configured towirelessly communicate with a parking management system and a secondprocessor configured to control communication of data by the wirelesscommunication subsystem.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to an electronic parkingmeter control system configured to communicate with a single space meterprocessor that controls the display and time keeping functions of asingle space parking meter. The control system includes a processorconfigured to be communicably coupled to the single space meterprocessor and wireless communication hardware communicably coupled tothe processor. The processor is configured to receive data from thesingle space meter processor and is configured to control the wirelesscommunications hardware to transmit the received data to the parkingmanagement system.

Another embodiment of the invention relates to an electronic parkingmeter device including an inner housing including a front side and arear side and wireless communications hardware supported by the innerhousing configured to wirelessly communicate with a parking managementsystem. The device includes a credit card mag-strip reader supported bythe inner housing and a currency reader including a slot for receivingcurrency located on the front side of the inner housing, The deviceincludes an electronic display screen supported by the inner housingincluding both front and rear displays and a keypad located below theslot of the currency reader. The device includes a vehicle sensorconfigured to detect a vehicle located within a parking space associatedwith the electronic meter mechanism and to generate a signal indicativeof the presence of the vehicle within the parking space. The deviceincludes a first processor configured to perform parking meter timekeeping functions. The device includes a second processor configured toreceive signals from the credit card mag-strip reader and the vehiclesensor and to control communications via the wireless communicationshardware.

Alternative exemplary embodiments relate to other features andcombinations of features as may be generally recited in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This application will become more fully understood from the followingdetailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanyingfigures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements inwhich:

FIG. 1 shows a parking system according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a pole-mount vehicle sensor according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a surface-mount vehicle sensor according to exemplaryembodiments.

FIG. 4 shows a subterranean sensor according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a parking system according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows a parking system according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a parking system according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 8A is a front view of a single-space parking meter according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 8B is an exploded view of a single-space parking meter according toan exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a front view of an electronic meter mechanism according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing the operation of a parking meteraccording to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram showing zeroing of a parking meter accordingto an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram showing control of parking meter including amaximum time limit according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing an electronic meter mechanismaccording to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of a controller for a parking meter accordingto an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 15 shows a controller coupled to the main electronics board of asingle-space meter according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 16 shows a controller incorporated in a stand-alone vehicle sensoraccording to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 17 shows a controller configured for the control of twosingle-space parking meters according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 18 shows a detailed block diagram of a controller configured forthe control of two sets of peripheral devices for two single-spaceparking meters according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 19 shows a controller configured to provide additionalfunctionality as a retrofit for a single-space meter according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 20 shows a controller configured to function as a gateway for aparking system according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 21 shows a process for upgrading a single-space parking meter witha new electronic meter mechanism according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 22 is a front view of an electronic meter mechanism according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 23 is a side view of an electronic meter mechanism according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 24 is a rear view of an electronic meter mechanism according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 25 shows a process of upgrading a single-space parking meter with anew electronic meter mechanism according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 26 shows a meter housing cap following revision to accommodate anelectronic meter mechanism that includes front and rear solar panels.

FIG. 27 shows a perspective view of an electronic meter mechanism with aremovable memory device according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 28 shows the electronic meter mechanism of FIG. 27 with theremovable memory device removed according to an exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before turning to the figures, which illustrate the exemplaryembodiments in detail, it should be understood that the presentapplication is not limited to the details or methodology set forth inthe description or illustrated in the figures. It should also beunderstood that the terminology is for the purpose of description onlyand should not be regarded as limiting.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 5, 6 and 7, various exemplary embodiments ofparking system 10 are shown. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1,parking system 10 includes one or more single-space parking meters 12,one or more multi-space parking meters 14, a communication network,shown as wireless network 16, and a parking system control system, shownas parking management system 18. Both single-space meters 12 andmulti-space meter 14 may be configured to communicate with parkingmanagement system 18 by directly accessing wireless network 16. Invarious embodiments, wireless network 16 may be a mobile telephonesystem, and meters 12 and 14 may access wireless network 16 utilizingstandard mobile telephone systems (e.g., GSM, GPRS, EDGE, 2.5G, 3G, 4G,etc.).

As discussed in more detail below, meters 12 and 14 are configured tocommunicate parking meter data to parking management system 18 viawireless network 16, and the communicated parking meter data is utilizedby parking management system 18 to provide the parking systemfunctionalities discussed herein. For example, parking management system18 is a computerized, server system that provides for processing,storage and management of data within parking system 10. In oneembodiment shown in FIG. 1, parking management system 18 includes atleast one server 19 and wireless communications subsystem 21. Server 19is configured to store and process parking data associated with aparticular parking spot (e.g., current parking space occupancyinformation, current meter time, vehicle sensor data, informationregarding mode of payment, vehicle arrival information, vehicledeparture information, parking rates, location information, etc.),including parking data received wirelessly from the meters, to generallyprovide the parking system functions discussed herein. Wirelesscommunications hardware 21 of parking management system 18 is configuredto allow server 19 to communicate wirelessly with the various componentsof parking system 10 discussed herein.

Further, server 19 is configured to store and generate data that may becommunicated wirelessly to the various components of parking system 10,and in this embodiment, wireless communication hardware 21 is configuredto transmit system data or information from server 19 to the appropriatecomponent of the parking system. For example, wireless communicationshardware 21 is configured to transmit and meters 12 and 14 areconfigured to receive information from parking management system 18 viawireless network 16. The system data transmitted from parking managementsystem 18 and received by the parking meters may include parking meterconfiguration data, parking rate data, time and date data, testing anddiagnostic data, parking meter software updates, etc. It should beunderstood that while the embodiments discussed herein relate primarilyto a parking system that communicates with parking management system 18via a wireless communication network 16, in other embodiments, a wiredor a combination wired/wireless communication network may be used toprovide communication to parking management system 18.

Parking system 10 also includes one or more vehicle sensors, shown aspole-mount vehicle sensors 20, curb surface-mount sensor 22 and streetsurface-mount sensor 24. Generally, sensors 20, 22 and 24 are eachassociated with a single parking space 26 and are configured to detectthe presence of a vehicle located in the associated parking space, todetect entry of a vehicle into the associated parking space and/or todetect the exit of a vehicle from the associated parking space. In theembodiment of FIG. 1, a pole-mount sensor 20 is associated with and incommunication with each single-space meter 12, and sensors 22 and 24 areassociated with and in communication with multi-space meter 14. In otherembodiments, a subterranean sensor 28 (see FIG. 4) may be locatedbeneath the surface of the parking spot in place of street surface-mountsensor 24. In other embodiments, a curb surface-mount sensor 22, astreet surface-mount sensor 24 or subterranean sensor 28, may beassociated with a single-space meter 12 instead of pole-mount sensor 20.Generally, vehicle sensors 20, 22 and 24 are directional sensors (i.e.,sensor that only senses in a particular region or direction) and includea targetable detection zone. Generally, the vehicle sensors arepositioned such that the targetable detection zone is located within theparking space associated with the meter and is not located in adjacentparking spaces.

Vehicle sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 are configured to detect one or moreaspect (e.g., presence, entry, exit, etc.) of a vehicle within theparking spot associated with the sensor and to generate a signalindicative of the detected aspect of the vehicle. The generated signalis then communicated from the sensor to a controller associated with theparking meter for the parking spot. In various embodiments,communication from the sensors to the associated meter may be eitherthrough wired or wireless communication. As explained in more detailbelow, the parking meter may execute various functions in response tothe detected aspect of the vehicle and may send data to and/or receivedata from parking management system 18 in response to the detectedaspect of the vehicle. In addition, data generated by the vehicle sensorassociated with each meter (e.g., data related to the presence of avehicle within the space associated with the meter) may be communicatedto parking management system 18 via the wireless communications hardwareof the meter.

Referring to FIGS. 1, 5 and 6, parking system 10 include a plurality ofsingle-space meters 12 (e.g., 2, 3, 4, . . . 50, . . . 100, more than 2,more than 10, more than 20, more than 50, more than 100, etc.,single-space meters), and may include one or more multi-space parkingmeters 14. In the embodiment shown, each single-space parking meter 12includes a vehicle sensor, shown as vehicle sensor 20, physicallycoupled to and supported by the parking meter pole 75. As shown pole 75includes a lower end coupled to the ground adjacent to and set back fromparking space 26 associated with the meter 12 such that there is adistance or space located between pole 75 and space 26. With vehiclesensor 20 coupled to pole 75, a space is present between vehicle sensor20 and parking space 26, and vehicle sensor 20 is configured to detectan aspect of a vehicle located within parking space 26 across the space.As shown in FIG. 1, vehicle sensor 20 includes a targetable detectionzone 17, and vehicle sensor 20 is positioned on pole 75 such that thedetection zone 17 of vehicle sensor 20 is located within parking space26. In another embodiment, vehicle sensor 20 may be physical coupled toand supported by the parking meter housing. In these embodiments,vehicle sensor 20 is located above both the street and sidewalk surfaceand is also set back from the curb.

Physically supporting the vehicle sensor in close proximity to the metermechanism and electronics of the single-space meter 12 allows for robustelectrical communication between the vehicle sensor and the electronicsof the single-space meter. In the embodiment shown, vehicle sensor 20 iscommunicably coupled with the control circuitry of single-space meter 12(e.g., controller 200 shown in FIG. 13) directly via a dedicatedhardwired connection. The robust electrical connection permitted by theproximity between the single-space meter electronics and vehicle sensor20 allows for shared use of certain components. For example, in theembodiment shown, both the electronics of the single-space meter andvehicle sensor 20 share a common power supply (e.g., solar cells andbattery). In addition, this arrangement allows both single-space meter12 and vehicle sensor 20 to utilize a single set of wirelesscommunications hardware. Specifically, data generated by vehicle sensor20 is communicated first to a control system associated with themechanism of single-space meter 12, and then is communicated to parkingmanagement system 18 via a wireless communication link. In thisembodiment, the hardwired connection between vehicle sensor 20 andsingle-space meter 12 is a combined data communication link and powerconnection delivering power to vehicle sensor 20 from a power source(e.g. batter, solar panel, etc.) physically located within the outerhousing of the single space meter.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 6, in various embodiments, parking system 10may also include curb mount vehicle sensors 22 and/or street mountvehicle sensors 24 that communicate parking space usage informationwirelessly to a multi-space meter 14 or to parking management system 18.In contrast to pole-mount sensors 20, curb mount vehicle sensors 22and/or street mount vehicle sensors 24 include their own power supplyand communications hardware. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, curbmount vehicle sensors 22 and/or street mount vehicle sensors 24 arestand-alone sensors configured for short relatively short range wirelesscommunication to a multi-space meter 14, and multi-space meter 14 isconfigured for cellular communication with parking management system 18.

Referring to FIGS. 2-4, exemplary embodiments of sensors 20, 22, 24 and28 are shown. FIG. 2 shows pole-mount vehicle sensor 20. As shown inFIG. 2, pole-mount vehicle sensor 20 includes a housing 30 having acentral cavity 32. During mounting to a single-space meter 12, theparking meter pole is received within cavity 32 to couple pole-mountvehicle sensor 20 to single-space meter 12. The sensing element (e.g.,an electromagnetic energy transmitter and receiver, transceiver, etc.)is located within housing 30. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, housing30 of vehicle sensor 20 surrounds pole 75, and the upper end of housing30 is coupled to the lower end of the outer meter housing (e.g., outermeter housing 70 shown in FIG. 8). In addition, the wired communicationlink communicably coupling the sensing element of vehicle sensor 20 tothe processor of the single space meter is located within both sensorhousing 30 and the outer meter housing. Specifically the portion of thewired communication link coupled to the sensing element is locatedwithin sensor housing 30 and the portion of the communication linkcoupled to the processor of the electronic meter mechanism is locatedwith the outer meter housing. Sensor housing 30 acts to protect andsupports the sensing element and the wired connection to the electronicmeter mechanism. In the embodiment in which a hardwired connectioncouples vehicle sensor 20 to the electronic meter mechanism, vehiclesensor 20 does not include dedicated wireless communications hardwarewithin sensor housing 30. In one embodiment, the vehicle sensorsdisclosed herein includes a local vehicle sensor processor the firstprocesses the signal from the sensing element and then communicates theprocessed signal indicative of a vehicle in the parking space to aprocessor that controls the wireless communications hardware.

FIG. 3 shows surface-mount sensors 22 or 24 that may be coupled toeither the curb surface or the surface of the parking space using asuitable attachment mechanism, such as epoxy. FIG. 4 shows subterraneansensor 28 that may be located below the surface of parking space 26.Similar to sensors 22 and 24 discussed above, subterranean sensor 28communicates with meters 12 and 14 via a wireless connection and may beused in place of either sensor 22 or 24 in the parking systemembodiments discussed herein.

In one embodiment, sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 may be sensors configuredto utilize electromagnetic energy to detect the presence of the vehiclein the parking space, and specifically, sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 may bea radiofrequency (RF) sensor including a radiofrequency-based sensingelement. In other embodiments, sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 may benon-electromagnetic sensors In other embodiments, sensors 20, 22, 24 and28 may be any sensors suitable for detecting an aspect of a vehicle inthe associated parking space. For example, sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 maybe infrared reflectance sensors, ultrasonic sensors, capacitancesensors, proximity sensors, magnetic sensors, magnetic-flux sensors,non-intrusive sensors, radar-based sensors, a low power/broad spectrumradar sensor, time of flight sensors, ranging sensors, etc. Further,because sensor 24 (or sensor 28) is physically in contact with parkingspace 26 (e.g., in contact with the parking space surface in the case ofa surface-mount sensor or beneath parking space 26 in the case of asubterranean sensor 28), sensor 24 (or sensor 28) may be a weight sensoror movement sensor that is reactive to a vehicle in parking space 26.

In addition to generating signals indicative of vehicle presence,vehicle entry to the parking spot and vehicle exit from a parking spot,vehicle sensors 20, 22, 24 and 28 may be configured to generate othersignals related to the parking spot or vehicles located in the parkingspot that may be used by parking system 10. For example, the vehiclesensors may be configured to generate a signal indicative of a vacantparking spot. In another embodiment, the vehicle sensors may beconfigured to generate a signal indicative of the type of vehiclelocated in the parking spot. For example, the vehicle sensor may beconfigured to generate a signal indicative of a motorcycle, a signalindicative of a car, a signal indicative of a truck, etc., being presentin parking space 26. As another example, the vehicle sensor may beconfigured to generate a signal indicative of a privately owned vehiclelocated in parking space 26 and a different signal indicative of apublicly-owned or government vehicle located in parking space 26. Inother embodiments, a vehicle sensor may include a digital cameraconfigured to capture image data of a vehicle located in the parkingspot.

Referring back to FIG. 1, parking system 10 may include one or moremobile citation units, shown as handheld unit 34. Handheld unit 34communicates with parking management system 18 via wireless network 16.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, handheld unit 34 includes wirelesscommunications hardware for communication with parking management system18 via wireless network 16. Handheld unit 34 is carried by parkingenforcement personnel and is used to issue citations for parkingviolations. Handheld unit 34 sends various types of enforcement data(e.g., data indicating issuance of a citation, data related to the typeof citation issued, location of parking violation, vehicleidentification information, etc.) to parking management system 18 viawireless network 16. Handheld unit 34 also receives various informationfrom parking management system 18. In one embodiment, handheld unit 34receives information to facilitate the issuances of citations. Forexample, handheld unit 34 may receive data indicative of the existenceand location of expired meters. In one embodiment, handheld unit 34 mayreceive data regarding which meters within a certain distance from unit34 are expired. It should be understood that while the figures show ahandheld citation unit, other mobile citation units may be used withinparking system 10. For example, a mobile citation unit may be mountedwithin a vehicle driven by enforcement personnel.

In one embodiment, data generated by the vehicle sensor associated witheach meter (e.g., data related to the presence of a vehicle within thespace associated with the meter) may be communicated to parkingmanagement system 18 via the wireless communications hardware of themeter, and the data related to current space occupancy may becommunicated from parking management system 18 to handheld unit 34. Inan exemplary embodiment, the data generated by the vehicle sensorsassociated with each parking meter is processed to determine whether avehicle is currently parked in the meter's parking space when time onthe meter expires. If so it is determined that a parking violation hasoccurred. The single space meter then communicates data indicating thata parking violation has occurred to parking management system 18.Parking management system 18 then stores and communicates the dataindicating that a parking violation has occurred to the handheld unit34. This data then may be used by the enforcement personnel to issue aparking ticket. In one embodiment, following issuance of a parkingticket, data indicating that a parking ticket has been issued iscommunicated wirelessly from handheld unit 34 to parking managementsystem 18 for processing and storage. In one embodiment, the dataindicating that a parking ticket has been issued includes informationidentifying the vehicle (e.g., VIN, license plate information, etc.)that received the citation.

As can be seen, parking system 10 provides a system utilizing wirelesscommunication between the three major components or subsystems (e.g.,the meters, the management system, and the citation units). By providinga system in which the components in the field (e.g., the meters and thecitation units) communicate wirelessly to parking management system 18,data storage and processing for parking system 10 can be centralizedwithin parking management system 18. Further, parking system 10 allowsreal-time data from meters system-wide to communicate information toparking management system 18, which in turn allows up to dateinformation regarding parking violations to be communicated to citationunits 34 system wide.

Referring to FIG. 5, parking system 10 is shown according to anotherexemplary embodiment. In this embodiment, parking system 10 includes aplurality of single-space meters 12 each having a pole-mounted vehiclesensor 20, a wireless network 16 and a parking management system 18.This embodiment of parking system 10 includes a gateway 36, andsingle-space meters 12 are configured for short-range communication withgateway 36. In this embodiment, gateway 36 provides the communicationlink between multiple meters 12 and parking management system 18 viawireless network 16. In one such embodiment, single-space meters 12 areconfigured for short-range RF communication with gateway 36, and gateway36 is configured for communication (e.g., cellular, WIFI, etc.) withparking management system 18 via wireless network 16. Communicationbetween meters 12 and gateway 36 may be via any suitable RFcommunication technology, standard, or protocol (e.g., WIFI, IEEE802.15.4, Bluetooth, ZigBee, etc.). Parking system 10 may also includeone or more multi-space parking meter 14 in place of, or in addition to,single-space meters 12. In such an embodiment, the multi-space meter mayalso communicate with gateway 36 using a wireless, RF technology.

Referring to FIG. 6, another embodiment of parking system 10 is shownincluding a gateway 38 and a multi-space meter 40. In this embodiment,parking system 10 includes one or more stand-alone vehicle sensors, suchas curb surface-mount sensor 22 and street surface-mount sensor 24,configured to monitor occupancy of the parking spaces associated withmulti-space meter 40. In this embodiment, gateway 38 receives wirelesscommunication from both single-space meters 12 and the stand-alonevehicle sensors (i.e., sensor 22 and sensor 24). Similar to theembodiment shown in FIG. 5, gateway 38 communicates information receivedfrom meters 12 and sensors 22 and 24 to parking management system 18 viawireless network 16. Multi-space meter 40 communicates directly withparking management system 18 via wireless network 16. In thisembodiment, parking management system 18 is configured to properlyassociate the data received from the stand-alone vehicle sensors withthe data for the appropriate parking space received from multi-spacemeter 40.

Also as shown in FIG. 6, parking system 10 may be configured to providecompatibility between parking meters made by different companies. Forexample, in one embodiment, parking meters 12 may be produced by a firstcompany or manufacturer and multi-space meter 40 may be made by a secondcompany or manufacturer. In this embodiment, sensors 20, 22 and 24 maybe compatible with meters made by different companies. Further, parkingmanagement system 18 is configured to receive, store and process datareceived from parking meters or vehicle sensors made by differentcompanies. This allows current, installed single-space and multi-spacemeters manufactured by different companies to be upgraded to provide thewireless communications and vehicle sensing functionalities discussedherein.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, gateway 36 and gateway 38 may be mounted toan existing structure to provide for unobstructed transmission of RFsignals from the meters to the gateways. For example, as shown in FIG.5, a gateway may be mounted to a sign pole, or as shown in FIG. 6, agateway may be mounted to a light or utility pole. In other embodimentsgateways 36 and 38 may be located at other locations such as a roof top,tree or other structure that allows for unobstructed RF communicationfrom the meters or standalone vehicle sensors of parking system 10.Further, gateways 36 and 38 may be located on a structure that providesfor an AC power supply to power the gateway. In one embodiment, gateways36 and 38 may be housed within the housing of a multi-space meter or mayotherwise be incorporated into the electronic system of the multi-spacemeter. In this embodiment, the multi-space meter acts to receiveinformation from the single-space meters and/or stand-alone vehiclesensors and communicates the information to parking management system 18via wireless network 16. In another embodiment, gateways 36 and 38 maybe mounted to and supported by the multi-space meter, for example bycoupling the gateway housing to the exterior of the multi-space meterhousing.

Referring to FIG. 7, a block diagram of parking system 10, is shownaccording to an exemplary embodiment, including a single-space parkingmeter 12. It should be understood that parking system 10 may include aplurality of single-space parking meters 12 and one or more multi-spacemeters as discussed above. As shown in FIG. 7, parking meter 12 includesa parking meter control system 50, a communication subsystem 52, adisplay 54, a power supply 56, a user input device 58, a paymentsubsystem 60 and a vehicle sensor 62. Parking meter control system 50 iscommunicably coupled to communication subsystem 52, display 54, powersupply 56, user input device 58, payment subsystem 60 and vehicle sensor62. Parking meter control system 50 may generally be any electroniccontrol unit suitable to provide the various parking meterfunctionalities discussed below. For example control system 50 mayinclude one or more processing circuits having hardware (e.g.,processors, memory, communication interfaces, etc.) and/or softwareconfigured to control the operation of parking meter 12 as discussherein. In one embodiment shown below in FIG. 13, control system 50includes two processors that each control various device of metermechanism 72.

Communication subsystem 52 includes hardware and/or software forcommunicating data between parking meter control system 50 and parkingmanagement system 18 via wireless network 16. As shown in FIG. 1communication subsystem 52 may be a communication subsystem associatedwith a single-space parking meter 12 that is configured to communicatedata between the associated meter and parking management system 18 viawireless network 16 utilizing standard mobile telephone communicationsystems (e.g., GSM, GPRS, EDGE, etc.). As shown, in FIGS. 5 and 6,communication subsystem 52 may include RF communication hardware andsoftware physically coupled to single-space parking meter 12 and/orassociated with a stand-alone vehicle sensor and a gateway, such asgateway 36 and 38. In this embodiment, data is communicated fromsingle-space meter 12 or from the stand-alone vehicle sensor to thegateway and the gateway communicates the information to parkingmanagement system 18. In one embodiment, communication subsystem 52includes a wireless communication antenna that is supported, and may bedirectly supported, by the inner housing of the electronic metermechanism.

Single-space meter 12 also includes a display 54 that displays variousparking related information (e.g., parking rate, current time and date,time remaining on meter, a meter expired message, user operationinstructions, hours of meter operation, etc.) to the user ofsingle-space meter 12. Display 54 may be a graphical high contrast, lowpower display. The display may be color or monochrome. Display 54 may bean LED display or LCD display. In the embodiment shown best in FIGS. 22and 24, display 54 includes both a front facing screen on the sidewalkfacing side of the meter and a rear facing screen on the street facingside of the meter.

Single-space meter 12 also includes a power supply 56 suitable to powerthe functions of single-space meter 12 discussed herein. In oneembodiment, power supply 56 may include one or more solar cells or solarpanels and one or more self-sustained energy storage devices (e.g.,rechargeable batteries, ultracapacitors, etc.). In other embodiments,power supply 56 may be wired AC power supply. In one embodiment,single-space meter 12 may be configured to communicate power supply datawirelessly to parking management system 18 via the meter's wirelesscommunication hardware. Power supply data may include data related to abattery and/or solar cell of the meter (e.g., battery charge rate,remaining battery charge, remaining battery life, real-time currentsupplied by solar cell, average current supplied by solar cell,resistance at various sections within the power supply, error messagesindicating battery failure, error messages indicating solar panelfailure, real-time power consumption, average power consumption, etc.).In one embodiment, single space meter 12 and/or electronic metermechanism 72 may include one or more sensors configured to detectvandalism. In such embodiments the vandalism sensors may be associatedwith the electronic meter mechanism, the outer housing of the meter, themeter pole and/or the sensor housing. In various embodiments, thevandalism sensors may be configured to detect a strong impact (such as ahit from a crowbar) or the insertion of a tool into the coin slot or keyhole associated with the meter. In various embodiments, the vandalismsensor may include or more of a vibration sensor, an accelerationsensor, optical sensors and/or acoustic sensors.

Single-space meter 12 also includes a user input device 58 that allowsthe user to interact with and operate the meter. In one embodiment, userinput device 58 is a four button keypad that provides tactile feedbackand/or audible feedback to the user. Single-space meter 12 also includesa payment subsystem 60 configured to receive and process payment forparking. In one embodiment, payment subsystem 60 includes currencyreader (e.g., a money or coin slot and a money detector, a bill slot andbill detector, etc.), a credit-card, mag-strip reader, a smart cardreader, and/or a “pay by phone” system. Further, single-space meter 12also includes a vehicle sensor 62 (e.g., pole-mount vehicle sensors 20,curb surface-mount sensor 22 and street surface-mount sensor 24 as shownin FIGS. 1, 5 and 6, and/or sensor 28 shown in FIG. 4) that communicatesinformation to control system 50 regarding an aspect of a vehicle in theparking space associated with meter 12.

Referring to FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9 and 22-24, single-space meter 12 is shownaccording to an exemplary embodiment. Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B,single-space meter 12 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment.Single-space meter 12 includes an outer housing 70 and an electronicmeter mechanism 72 (shown outside of outer housing 70 in FIG. 9). Outerhousing 70 acts to protect electronic meter mechanism 72 and includes alocking mechanism to prevent unwanted access to meter mechanism 72.Outer housing 70 includes a lower housing portion 71 and a cap portion73. Cap 73 of outer housing 70 includes a transparent portion or window74 which allows the user to view the display of electronic metermechanism 72 when it is locked within outer housing 70. Lower portion 71of outer housing 70 is coupled to an upper end of a support structure orpole 75 that supports meter 12. Lower portion 71 of outer housing 70 hasan interior cavity 77 and a front (i.e., sidewalk facing) face 76 havinga payment device opening, shown as an aperture 78. To assemble meter 12,electronic meter mechanism 72 is received within cavity 77 and cap 73 iscoupled to lower portion 71 such that electronic meter mechanism 72 issecured within housing 70.

Referring to FIG. 9 and FIGS. 22-24, electronic meter mechanism 72 isshown outside of meter housing 70. Electronic meter mechanism 72includes an inner housing 80 that supports the various components andelectronics of electronic meter mechanism 72. Inner housing 80 isgenerally the shell or structure the encases and supports theelectronics of meter mechanism 72. Inner housing 80 also couples to theinner surface of outer housing 70 such that electronic meter mechanism72 may be supported by and secured to outer housing 70. As discussedabove, electric meter mechanism 72 includes an electronic displayscreen, shown as display 54, that displays information to the user. Inone embodiment, display 54 includes a first screen viewable from thefront of meter mechanism 72 and a second screen viewable from the rearof meter mechanism 72.

Generally, meter mechanism 72 includes a payment receiving structureincluding one or more payment devices configured to receive payment froma motorist (e.g., a credit card reader, a currency reader, a smart cardreader, etc.). In addition, meter mechanism 72 includes a user inputdevice (e.g., a keypad, touch screen, buttons, switches, etc.) thatreceives inputs from the motorist in order to operate the parking meter.Typically, the payment receiving structure and the user input device islocated on the front side of the inner housing such that the motorist islocated on the sidewalk when applying payment to the meter orinteracting with the user input device.

The exemplary embodiment of electronic meter mechanism 72 shown in FIG.9 includes an integrated payment and user-interface structure 82 thatextends outward from the front side of inner housing 80. Structure 82includes both at least the physical, payment receiving components ofboth the payment subsystem 60 and the user input device 58. Structure 82is an extended portion of the housing that supports both the paymentreceiving structure and the user input device of meter mechanism 72. Inthe embodiment shown, user input device 58 is a four button interfaceincluding up and down arrow keys, an OK button and a cancel button.Payment subsystem 60 includes a hybrid card reader including both asmart card reader 84 and a credit card mag strip reader 86. Paymentsubsystem 60 also includes a money slot, shown as coin slot 88, andlocated within structure 82 is a currency reader that detects currency(coins in the example shown) that passes through coin slot 88. In otherembodiments, the money slot and currency reader may be configured toaccept and detect paper money. Smart card reader 84 may be configured toread a variety of smart-card type payment cards, for example, smart-cardcredit cards, smart-card debit cards, proprietary parking payment smartcards, etc. Credit card reader 86 may be configured to read a variety ofmag-strip based payment cards, including, mag-strip credit cards,mag-strip debit cards, proprietary parking mag-strip payment creditcards, etc. In another embodiment, payment subsystem 60 also includes anRF based payment system configured to read an RFID tag associated withthe vehicle (e.g., iPass), and to process a parking payment to apre-registered account associated with the vehicle's RFID tag.

As shown best in FIGS. 22 and 23, inner housing 80 includes a first armor portion 280 and a user input housing, shown as keypad housing 282.Arm portion 280 extends substantially perpendicular from the front faceof inner housing 80, and keypad housing 282 is coupled to the front edgeof portion 280 and extends downward away from portion 280. The keys ofthe keypad form the front face of keypad housing 282. As shown in FIG.9, the keys of user interface 58 are located below the coin slot 88 andis located below a majority of the credit card slot of credit cardreader 86.

A gap 284 (shown best in FIG. 23) is formed between the front surface286 of inner housing 80 and the rear surface 288 of keypad housing 282.When electronic meter mechanism 72 is mounted to outer housing 70, thefront surface of outer housing 70 below aperture 78 is received withingap 284 such that integrated payment and user-interface structure 82extends through outer housing 70 (as shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B). Thisarrangement may help to secure meter mechanism 72 to housing 70 and mayhelp to properly locate electronic meter mechanism 72 relative to theouter meter housing during installation. In one embodiment, the lengthof arm portion 280 is such that rear surface 288 of keypad housing 282is in contact with and flush against the front surface of outer housing70 below aperture 78 when meter mechanism 72 is within housing 70. Asshown in FIG. 23, the portion of integrated payment and user-interfacestructure 82 that includes the mag-strip reader of credit card reader 86extends outward from front face 286 of inner housing 80 beyond key pad58. The extended length of the housing portion that supports mag-stripreader of credit card reader 86 in the direction perpendicular to thefront face of inner housing 80 provides sufficient length to allow fullinsertion of a credit card into the credit card reader. This relativesizing allows meter mechanism 72 to include an upgraded payment system(e.g., one including a credit card reader) and to be installed in apre-existing outer meter housing 70.

Referring to FIG. 9, credit card reader 86 includes a slot 87 formed inthe front face of structure 82. Slot 87 provides the entrance thatallows a credit card to be inserted into and to be read by the mag-stripreader of credit card reader 86. As shown, slot 87 is angled at an angleA relative to the vertical axis of the front face of structure 82. Inthe embodiment shown, slot 87 is angled such that the upper end of theslot is located laterally inward from the lower end of the slot. Slot 87extends downward and laterally outward from its upper end to its lowerend. In various embodiments, angle A is between 30 degrees and 80degrees, preferably between 40 and 70 degrees and more preferablybetween 50 and 60 degrees. In one specific embodiment, angle A is about55 degrees (e.g., 55 degrees plus or minus half a degree). As shown inFIG. 9, slot 87 extends below and laterally to the outside of the upperedge of the keypad. In other embodiments, slot 87 may angled in theopposite direction such that the upper end of the slot is locatedlaterally outward from the lower end of the slot. Because the length ofslot 87 is determined by the size of the type of credit card to be read,angling slot 87 allows for conservation of space on the front face ofstructure 82.

Referring back to FIG. 8A, with electronic meter mechanism 72 locatedwithin outer housing 70, the payment-user interface structure 82 ofelectronic meter mechanism 72 extends through aperture 78 such that theuser can interact with the payment systems and the user interface. Asshown in FIG. 22, front facing surface 290 of keypad housing 282includes the buttons of user interface 58. As shown in FIG. 23, frontfacing surface 290 is at an angle relative to surface 286 and to thevertical plane defined by display 54, such that front facing surface 290is facing slightly upward.

Referring to FIG. 9 and FIG. 22, electronic meter mechanism 72 includesa front solar panel 90 that provides power to operate electronic meter72 and to charge a rechargeable battery located inside inner housing 80.Inner housing 80 includes a front support, shown as front shelf 92, uponwhich front solar panel 90 is mounted. Further, shelf 92 extends fromthe front surface (i.e., the sidewalk facing surface) of inner housing80 and is positioned below (i.e., at a lower position as measured alongthe vertical axis of the meter mechanism) display 54 such that shelf 92is located below window 74 of outer housing 70. In this embodiment,shelf 92 is also located above structure 82. In the embodiment shown,shelf 92 is coupled to the front side of inner housing 80 at a positionsubstantially underneath (i.e., at a position below along the samevertical axis) display 54. This arrangement allows electronic metermechanism 72 to be mounted inside outer housing 70 while allowingsunlight to strike front solar panel 90. Thus, this positioning of solarpanel 90 allows meter mechanism to be installed into a pre-existingmeter housing in a configuration that allows sun light to reach panel 90after the meter mechanism is secured within outer housing 70. In oneembodiment, shelf 91 and solar panel 90 are positioned relative to thewindows in the meter housing cap to maximize solar irradiance duringnormal operation.

As shown in FIG. 24, electronic meter mechanism 72 also includes a rearsolar panel 91. Rear solar panel 91 is mounted to a rear support, shownas rear shelf 93, which extends from a rear surface of inner housing 80at a position below display 54. As explained in more detail belowregarding FIG. 25 and FIG. 26, rear solar panel 91 is also mounted toinner housing 80 such that light may pass through a rear window in meterhousing 70 to strike rear solar panel 91. In other embodiments,electronic meter mechanism 72 may include one solar panel or more thantwo solar panels.

Both solar panel support shelves 92 and 93 extend outward away fromdisplay 54 and downward toward structure 82 and toward the lower edge ofthe meter housing. This arrangement is such that the upper surfaces ofshelves 92 and 93 are angled (e.g., are non-horizontal, are notperpendicular to a vertical axis, etc.) such that the surfaces of bothshelves face upward and outward away from display 54. This positioningprovides mounting surfaces for solar panels 90 and 91 that facilitatecapture of light through the windows 74 of outer housing 70.

As noted above, electronic meter mechanism 72 also includes display 54.Display 54 may be a backlit high-contrast display supporting the displayof both text and graphics. Display 54 may be a monochrome display or acolor display. As shown in FIG. 9, display 54 is supported by innerhousing 80 at a position above (i.e., at a higher position as measuredalong the vertical axis of the meter mechanism) payment and userinterface structure 82. As shown in FIG. 9, display 54 includes a leftedge and a right edge, and in the embodiment shown, display 54 isrectangular having upper and lower edges perpendicular to both the leftand right edges. In one embodiment, the width of solar panels 90 and 91is greater than the width of display screen 54 such that the left andright lateral edges of solar panels 90 and 91 extend laterally beyondthe left and right edges of display 54, respectively.

Electronic meter mechanism 72 is configured to provide wirelesscommunication from the meter to parking management system 18. In oneembodiment, electronic meter mechanism 72 may include cellularcommunications hardware (e.g., GPRS modem, antenna, etc.) located withinand/or coupled to inner housing 80. In another embodiment, electronicmeter mechanism 72 includes RF communications hardware (e.g.,point-to-multipoint RF modem, antenna, etc.). In another embodiment,electronic meter mechanism 72 includes both cellular communicationshardware and RF communications hardware allowing the mechanism to beincorporated into either systems using a gateway or using direct metercellular communications. In other embodiments, electronic metermechanisms 72 within parking system 10 may be configured to utilizemulti-point to multi-point or mesh networking communication systems. Insuch embodiments, electronic meter mechanisms 72 may be configured toconnect to a primary gateway. In one such networked embodiment, parkingsystem 10 may be configured to determine the shortest and/or mostreliable path through one or more gateways to reach parking managementsystem 18. In such embodiments, networked meter mechanism 72 may beconfigured to detect or discover those gateways that are in range. Inthis embodiment, a node may send a first message to discover a gateway,and the gateways within range may respond back at random intervalswithin a predetermined time window. The node will then evaluate the linkto the gateway and through the gateway (or gateways) to assess andselect the shortest and/or most reliable path to the server.

Parking system 10 may utilize the vehicle sensing features and thecommunication features described above to provide for various automatedand real-time parking system functions. FIG. 10 is a flow diagramshowing the operation of single-space meter 12 and display 54 by themeter controller and parking management system 18 during the paymentsequence of the parking meter. In one embodiment as shown in FIG. 10,parking system 10 may be configured to automatically initiate thebeginning of the payment sequence and the display of the appropriateinstructions on display 54 based upon detection of a vehicle within theparking space by the vehicle sensor.

Referring to FIG. 10, at step 100, if a vehicle is detected by thevehicle sensor, a signal is communicated from the sensor to the metercontroller (e.g., parking meter control system 50), and the metercontroller initiates display of the payment instructions. Alternatively,if at step 102, a user input is received by the user input device of theparking meter, the meter controller also initiates display of thepayment instructions. At step 104, the meter displays a message askingthe user to select the type of payment the user wishes to use. In theembodiment of FIG. 10, the user may select payment by coin, payment bycredit card, payment by smart card or pay-by-phone options. The user mayselect the method of payment by interacting with the user interface toselect the desired payment type from a menu shown on the meter display.The user may also select the method of payment by directly using one ofthe payment devices of the meter without first making a selection viathe user input device. For example, the user may select the paymentmethod by swiping a credit card or by inserting coins into the coinslot. In one embodiment, parking meter control system 50 is configuredto allow a vehicle to park in the space associated with the meter for aset “grace period” prior to moving to step 104. In this embodiment,parking meter control system 50 is configured to allow a set amount offree parking time prior to requiring payment to be applied to the meter.In one embodiment, free time (e.g., 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes,etc.) may be automatically applied to the meter when a vehicle isdetected in the parking space by a vehicle sensor at step 100. In thisembodiment, the motorist may add additional time via payment asdiscussed below.

As shown in the remainder of FIG. 10, based on the user's payment typeselection, the meter displays instructions for the selected paymenttype, and the user follows the instructions to put the appropriateamount of time on the parking meter, and the meter processes the paymentreceived by the user to apply the payment to the meter. Specifically,the user or motorist may insert coins, and at step 106, the single-spacemeter detects the coins added to the meter. At step 108, the metercontrol system adds the appropriate amount of time for the coinsdeposited to the meter and displays the amount of time on the screen. Atstep 110, the single-space meter detects whether additional coins havebeen added and if so the meter time is updated as needed. At step 112,the single-space meter detects whether user has attempted to add timeusing one of the other payment methods, and if so, the paymentprocessing for a smart card or credit card is conducted. If noadditional payment is detected, the payment is applied to the meter atstep 114 and the single-space meter monitors the time remaining on themeter and awaits for input.

The motorist may add time to the meter using a credit card, and at step116, the single-space meter detects whether a credit card has beeninserted into the credit card reader. At step 118, the meter prompts(e.g., by the display of instructions on screen 54) the user to use theup and down arrow keys to select the amount of time the user wishes toadd to the meter. When the appropriate amount of time is added to themeter, the single-space meter detects the user's activation of the enteror OK button, at step 120. At step 122, the single-space meter submitsthe transaction data for authorization of the credit card. If the creditcard payment is accepted, at step 124, the total time added to the meteris displayed, and the payment is applied to the meter at step 114 andthe single-space meter monitors the time remaining on the meter andawaits for input. At step 126, if the credit card transaction isdeclined, the meter displays an indication that the credit card paymentwas not accepted and displays the current time remaining on the meter ifany. If real-time authorization of the credit card is not available, atstep 128, the meter determines whether batching of the credit cardtransaction is available. If batching is available, at step 124, thetotal time added to the meter is displayed, and the payment is appliedto the meter at step 114 and the single-space meter monitors the timeremaining on the meter and awaits for input. If batching is notavailable, the meter displays a message that credit card payment isunavailable at step 130.

At step 104, the user may select the pay by phone options, and the meterdisplays instructions to the motorist regarding payment by phone. Atstep 132, the payment by phone number is displayed to the motorist. Atstep 134, the meter number is entered, and at step 136, thecommunication type is determined. If MSM communication is selected, atstep 138 the space number is entered. At step 140, the user is promptedto enter the amount of time to be added to the meter, and the payment isapplied to the meter at step 114 and the single-space meter monitors thetime remaining on the meter and awaits for input. At step 142, the usermay selected whether receive text reminders indicating the amount oftime left on the meter.

In various embodiments, the vehicle sensor is configured to communicatea signal to the meter controller indicative of whether a vehicle hasleft the parking space. In one such embodiment shown in FIG. 11, at step150 the vehicle sensor associated with a parking spot detects that thecurrent vehicle is leaving the parking space. At step 152, the timeremaining on the meter for the parking spot is set to zero by thecontroller after the current vehicle leaves the parking space. Zeroingthe time on the meter when the current vehicle leaves the parking spacemay lead to an increase in parking revenue by preventing a subsequentparker from utilizing meter time from a previous parker.

In one embodiment, the parking meter may be a single-space meter, andthe signal indicative of the vehicle leaving the parking spot iscommunicated to the parking meter control system associated with thatmeter. When the signal indicating vehicle departure is received from thevehicle sensor, the parking meter control system zeros out the displayof remaining time on the meter. As noted above, in one embodiment, thevehicle sensor is physically coupled to the meter or the meter pole andcommunicates the signal via a hardwired connection to the single-spacemeter controller.

In another embodiment, the vehicle sensor may be a stand-alone vehiclesensor associated with a multi-space meter, and in this embodiment, thesignal indicative of the vehicle leaving the parking spot may becommunicated to the parking meter control system associated with themulti-space meter. In this embodiment, the controller of the multi-spacemeter may zero out the time associated with the parking spot. In anotherembodiment, the vehicle sensor may communicate the signal indicative ofthe vehicle leaving the parking spot directly to the parking managementsystem. In this embodiment, the time associated with the parking spaceas maintained by the parking management system may be set to zero.Further, the parking management system may transmit a signal to themulti-space meter indicating that the time associated with the parkingspace should be set to zero.

At step 154, the parking meter control system communicates parking spacedata to the parking management system. The parking space datacommunicated to the parking management system may include variousparking space information including information related to vehicledeparture, information indicating a vacant parking space, informationindicating that no time is left on the meter, information indicating thelength of time that the vehicle was parked in the parking spot, etc.This data may be utilized by the parking management system (e.g.,parking management system 18) to provide the various functions discussedherein.

In one embodiment, parking system 10, either through local processing ofparking data at meters 12 or 14 or through centralized processing atparking management system 18, is configured to utilize parking data toenforce maximum parking time limits. Referring to FIG. 12, aflow-diagram of a process for the enforcement of a maximum parking timelimit is shown. The process shown may be performed either by localprocessing of data at the control system of the single-space ormulti-space meter or by centralized processing of data by the parkingmanagement system.

At step 160, the control system receives a signal indicating that a useris attempting to add additional time to the parking meter using one ofthe payment methods discussed above. At step 162, a determination ismade regarding whether a new vehicle has entered the parking space. Step162 may be performed in various ways. For example, when a vehicle entersthe parking space, the vehicle sensor may detect the entry of a vehicleinto the parking space and transmit this information to meter controlsystem 50 which stores the entry information, and, when the currentvehicle leaves the parking space, the vehicle sensor may sense thevehicle leaving the space and transmit the exit information to metercontrol system 50. When a user attempts to add money to the meter, thecontrol system checks to determine whether exit information has beenreceived and stored. If it has, it is determined that a new vehicle islocated in the parking spot, and at step 164, the user is allowed to addtime to the parking meter.

If no exit data has been received from the vehicle sensor, the controlsystem determines that the same vehicle has remained in the parking spotand proceeds to step 166. At step 166, the amount of time that thecurrent vehicle has been parked in the parking spot is determined and iscompared to the maximum permitted parking time for the meter. If thecurrent parking duration does not exceed the maximum permitted parkingtime for the parking space, the process moves to step 168 and the useris allowed to add time to the meter. At step 170, if the current parkingduration does exceed the maximum permitted parking time, the parkingmeter will not accept additional payment and will not add additionaltime to the meter. Further at step 170, a message may be displayed tothe user via display 54 indicating that the maximum permitted parkingtime has been met.

As noted above, parking system 10 gathers parking related informationfrom each of the vehicle sensors associated with each parking space andfrom the parking meter associated with each parking space. Thisinformation is communicated to parking management system 18 which storesand process the parking information.

In one embodiment, parking management system 18 receives real-timeparking information from each of the parking meters and each stand-alonevehicle sensor via wireless network 16. Real-time parking informationincludes parking space occupancy information (e.g., whether or not aparticular parking space is currently occupied by a vehicle), vehiclearrival information, and vehicle departure information. Real-timeparking information may also include parking meter status information,for example, information regarding whether the meter is expired,unexpired, the amount of time remaining on the meter, etc. Wirelesscommunication between the parking management system and the fielddevices (e.g., the parking meters and the mobile devices carried byenforcement personnel and motorists) allows for real time parkinginformation to be processed and deployed to provide the functionalitydiscussed below.

In one embodiment, parking management system 18 communicates meterstatus information in real-time to users within the parking system. Inone such embodiment, parking management system 18 transmits real-timeinformation regarding expired, occupied parking spaces to parkingenforcement personnel. The parking enforcement personnel may use thereceived data to issue citations, to plan a meter inspection route, etc.

In one embodiment, parking enforcement personnel receive the real-timeinformation via wireless communication between handheld unit 34 andparking management system 18. In one embodiment, parking managementsystem 18 may be configured to identify expired meters in real-time andto send information to a parking enforcement agent in real-time. Whenthe parking enforcement agent receives the real-time informationregarding expired meters, the parking enforcement agent may travel tothe expired meter to issue a citation. In one embodiment, parkingmanagement system 18 may be configured to automatically generate a routefor the parking enforcement agent to follow based on real-timeidentification of the location of expired meters and transmit the routeinformation to handheld unit 34 or other mobile device used by theenforcement agent. Further, parking management system 18 may beconfigured to select the route based on various parameters. For example,the enforcement agent's route may be identified by parking managementsystem 18 to maximize the number of citations issued, to minimize theroute distance or to minimize the route travel time. In one embodiment,the parking enforcement agent may select the type of route they wish tofollow using handheld unit 34.

Parking management system 18 may also be configured to communicatereal-time meter status information to motorists to facilitate locationof an unoccupied parking meter. In one embodiment, parking managementsystem 18 is configured to communicate information indicative ofunoccupied parking spaces to a personal navigation system (e.g., amobile device utilizing map software, a vehicle having a GPS navigationsystem, a mobile device having GPS navigation software, etc.). Thepersonal navigation system is configured to display the location ofunoccupied parking spaces based on the real-time meter statusinformation received from parking management system 18. For example, alisting of unoccupied parking spaces may be displayed and/or thelocation of the unoccupied parking spaces may be displayed on the map.The user may select the desired parking space, and the personalnavigation system then generates a route from the current location tothe selected parking space based on the real-time meter statusinformation received from parking management system 18. In oneembodiment, the personal navigation system may utilize a user input todetermine current position information. In another embodiment, thepersonal navigation system may be configured to automatically identifycurrent position information by accessing positioning information, suchas GPS. In one embodiment, the personal navigation system is configuredto display an alert to the user if the parking space becomes occupied byanother driver before the user arrives at the parking spot, and in onesuch embodiment, the personal navigation system may automaticallyreroute the user to the next nearest unoccupied parking spot based onthe real-time meter status information received from parking managementsystem 18.

In another embodiment, information indicative of unoccupied parkingspaces may be aggregated based on a particular geographic area byparking management system 18. For example, the parking management system18 may be configured to generate information of parking space occupancyfor a geographic area instead of or in addition to generating thelocation of particular unoccupied parking spots. For example, in oneembodiment, a map may be displayed by a mobile device showing thegeneral availability of parking spaces in a given block or other areabased on the geographic parking space occupancy information receivedfrom parking management system 18. In one such embodiment, the number ofavailable parking spots in a block may be displayed on a map of thepersonal navigation system. In another embodiment, the number ofavailable parking spots between two cross-streets along the person'sroute may be displayed based on the geographic parking space occupancyinformation received from parking management system 18. In anotherembodiment, an indication of the occupancy rate of parking spaces alongthe user route may be displayed based on the geographic parking spaceoccupancy information received from parking management system 18. In oneembodiment, the parking space occupancy rate may be displayed utilizinga color-coded system. For example, streets with 100% occupancy may behighlighted in red on the map display, streets with 90-99% occupancy maybe highlighted in orange on the map display, streets with 75%-89%occupancy may be highlighted in yellow on the map display, and streetswith occupancy under 75% may be highlighted in green on the map display.

In one embodiment, the personal navigation system is configured todisplay information indicative of the proximity of each identifiedunoccupied parking spot to the user's ultimate destination based on thereal-time meter status information received from parking managementsystem 18. For example, a listing of unoccupied spaces may be ordered bydistance from the parking spot to the user's destination. In anotherembodiment, a display of unoccupied parking spaces on the personalnavigation system map may include a display of distance information nextto the location of the parking space on the map. For example, a flagdisplay indicating the location of the unoccupied parking space mayinclude a number indicating the distance from the parking space to thedestination. In another embodiment, the flag display may include anumber indicating the distance rank of each unoccupied parking space tothe user's destination (e.g., 1 for first closest, 2 for second closest,3 for third closest, 4 for fourth closest, etc.).

Parking management system 18 may also be configured to store parkinginformation received via wireless communication from the meters ofparking system 10. In other embodiments, parking information may bemanually entered into parking management system 18. In anotherembodiment, parking information may be loaded into parking managementsystem 18 from another data source (e.g., memory unit of handheld device34). Parking management system 18 may include storage components anddatabase components to store and organize the received parkinginformation. The historic, stored parking information within parkingmanagement system 18 may be analyzed to operate or to improve operationof parking system 10.

In one embodiment, parking space occupancy information may be analyzedby parking management system 18 to adjust the parking rate of aparticular meter. For example, if a meter is occupied at more than adesired level (e.g., close to 100% of the time) the parking rate of themeter may be increased, and if the meter is occupied at a less thandesired level (e.g., less than 50% of the time) the parking rate may bedecreased. The change in parking rate is determined by parkingmanagement system 18 and the new rate is communicated wirelessly to themeter. In one embodiment, parking management system 18 may be configuredto process occupancy data to determine what parking rate would result ina desired occupancy rate. In various embodiments, the desired occupancyrate may be between 60 and 90 percent, may be between 70 and 90 percent,may be between 75 and 85 percent or may be about 80 percent. In one suchembodiment, parking management system 18 may be configured toautomatically process occupancy data to determine the parking rate thatwould result in the desired occupancy rate, and parking managementsystem 18 may be configured to automatically communicate the determinedparking rate to the parking meter thereby setting the meter's currentparking rate to match the determined rate. In one embodiment, if one ormore meters of meters within a geographic area are occupied at more thana desired level (e.g., close to 100% of the time), the parking rate ofone or a plurality of meters within that geographic area may beincreased, and if one or more meters are occupied at a less than desiredlevel (e.g., less than 50% of the time), the parking rate of one or aplurality of meters within that geographic area may be decreased.

In certain parking systems, a single parking rate that applies to ameter all of the time may result in both periods when the occupancy rateof the spot is below the desired occupancy rate and periods when theoccupancy rate of the spot is above the desired occupancy rate. In oneembodiment, parking management system 18 may be configured to processoccupancy data for a predetermined time period and to determine theparking rate that would result in the desired occupancy rate for thepredetermined time period. In one embodiment, parking management system18 is configured to process occupancy data for a particularpredetermined time period (e.g., week day days, week day nights, weekenddays, weekend nights, holidays, days or hours of special events, likesporting events, etc.) and to determine the parking rate that results inthe desired occupancy rate during the predetermined time period. Parkingmanagement system 18 then communicates this information wirelessly toeach meter to change the parking rate of the meter.

Further, the historical parking data may be analyzed by parkingmanagement system 18 to improve parking enforcement efforts. Forexample, parking management system 18 may be configured to determine ifa disproportionate number of parking violations are identifiedhistorically in a particular area and/or during a particular timeperiod, and if so, parking management system 18 provides an indicationthat enforcement efforts should be increased during those times. Forexample, the indication may be displayed data indicating whereenforcement efforts should be increased. In another embodiment, parkingmanagement system 18 may automatically communicate information regardinga particular enforcement patrol route based on the analysis of historicparking data by parking management system 18. However, if adisproportionately small number of parking violations are identifiedduring a particular time period or in a particular area, parkingenforcement resources may be diverted to other areas of parking system10 by parking management system 18. In these embodiments, parkingmanagement system 18 may be configured to process historical parkingdata to determine desired parking enforcement routes, to determine thenumber of enforcement personnel that should be assigned to a particulararea during a particular time, etc.

In various embodiments, parking management system 18 may be configuredto utilize wirelessly communicated payment data to provide additionalfunctionality to parking meter system 10. In one embodiment, parkingmanagement system 18 may be configured to evaluate or analyze paymentdata received from single space meters 12 (e.g., data regarding paymentsreceived from credit cards, smart cards, debit cards, pay-by-phonedevices, near-field-communication payment devices, etc.) to identifysuspicious or fraudulent payment activity. In some embodiments, parkingmanagement system 18 may be configured to identify a payment patternthat indicates fraudulent payments. For example, parking managementsystem 18 may be configured to identify that a particular payment device(e.g., a particular credit card, smart card, cell phone, etc.) has beenused to pay for a number of meters in an irregular pattern. In suchembodiments, payment devices that are associated with a fraudulentpayment pattern can be flagged and added to a real-time “blacklist”maintained by parking management system 18. In such embodiments, paymentapproval processing performed by parking management system 18 mayinclude comparing a payment device to devices listed on the blacklist,and subsequent payments from blacklisted payment devices can be denied.In other embodiments, parking management system 18 may maintain a listof payment devices (e.g., particular brands of credit cards, particularcredit cards owned by identified individuals, etc.) that are entitled toa parking discount or free additional parking time. During paymentprocessing by parking management system 18, an identifier associatedwith the payment device or the owner of the payment device may becompared against the discount list maintained by parking managementsystem 18 and a discount applied accordingly.

Referring to FIG. 13, a block diagram of electronic meter mechanism 72is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. In this embodiment,electronic meter mechanism 72 includes two distinct processors, shown asperipheral device and communication controller 200 and single-spacemeter (SSM) controller 202, and the local processing and controlfunctions of electronic meter mechanism 72 are divided between the twoprocessors. Generally, SSM controller 202 conducts the processing forand controls the display 204, a user input device, such as keypad 216 orinput device 58 shown in FIG. 9, and the time-keeping functions of themeter (e.g., determining current time remaining on meter, decreasingtime remaining as time passes, increasing time remaining as payment ismade, determining expiration of the meter when time expires, etc.), andcommunication controller 200 conducts processing for and controlswireless communication subsystem 210 and vehicle sensor 214. Inaddition, control of the additional components of electronic metermechanism 72 may be split between the two processors 200 and 202 asshown below in FIG. 13.

In one embodiment, both controllers 200 and 202 are controllersspecifically configured for control of certain components of a newelectronic meter mechanism. In another embodiment, controller 200 is amulti-purpose or multi-use control/communication device that iscommunicably coupled a dedicated single-space meter controller 202 inorder to supplement the functionality provided by SSM controller 202 andto equip electronic meter mechanism 72 with additional peripheraldevices that are not controlled by SSM controller 202. For example, inone embodiment, SSM controller 202 is a dedicated single-space metercontroller and is coupled to, interfaces and/or controls a user display204, a money sensor 206, a smart card reader 208 and keypad 216. In onespecific embodiment, SSM controller 202 is the controller present in aconventional electronic single-space parking meter and controller 200 iscommunicably coupled to SSM controller 202 along with additionalcomponents shown in FIG. 13 (e.g., elements 210, 212, 214 and 218) as aretrofit unit to provide additional functionality to the meter. Thedivision of control between two processors may provide electronic metermechanism 72 with a higher efficiency and lower power requirement, thanif one single processor were used. For example, both controllers 200 and202 have a low power state and a high power state, and the controllersare configured to be in a low power state when the devices its controlare not active and in the high power state when the devices under itscontrol are active. For example, controller 202 may transition from thelow power to the high power state when data is to be received ortransmitted using the wireless communications hardware. In anotherembodiment, single space meter controller 202 controls the time keepingfunctions of single space meter 12, and controller 200 is configured tocontrol display 204 and to receive signals from money sensor 206, smartcard reader 208 and keypad 216 in addition to the management of wirelesscommunication sub-system 210, vehicle sensor 214 and credit card reader218, discussed herein.

SSM controller 202 controls display of information on display 204 andalso receives and process input signals received from keypad 216. SSMcontroller 202 is configured to receive information from keypad 216. SSMcontroller 202 may use this data to alter the display of information ondisplay 204 based on the user inputs and to operate the payment receiptfunctions of the meter. As shown in FIG. 9, keypad 216 may be a fourbutton keypad that allows the user to operate the parking meter. In thisembodiment, SSM controller 202 may communicate information received fromkeypad 216 to controller 200, and controller 200 may in turn communicatethe information to parking management system 18 via wirelesscommunication subsystem 210.

SSM controller 202 receives an input signal from money sensor 206indicating when a user has placed money into the parking meter. Moneysensor 206 may include an inductive coil sensor configured to detectthat presence and denomination of coin placed in the coin slot of themeter. In another embodiment, money sensor 206 may be an optical sensorassociated with a coin slot configured to detect the presence and thedenomination of coins placed in the coin slot of the meter. In oneembodiment, money sensor 206 may incorporate an inductive coin sensor todetect money entering the coin slot and an optical sensor to detect ajam or foreign object located within the coin slot. Money sensor 206 mayalso include an optical sensor associated with a paper money slotconfigured to detect the presence and the denomination of paper moneyplaced into the paper money slot of the meter. SSM controller 202 alsoreceives input from smart card reader 208 indicating that the user haspaid for parking using a smart card.

Peripheral device and communication controller 200 may be communicablycoupled to a variety of additional parking meter devices to supplementthe functionality provided by SSM controller 202. In the embodimentshown in FIG. 13, controller 200 is coupled to, interfaces and/orcontrols a wireless communication subsystem 210, a power supply system212, a vehicle sensor 214, and a credit card reader 218. Thus, withcontroller 200 coupled to SSM controller 202, electronic meter mechanism72 is provided with the functionalities provided by wirelesscommunication subsystem 210, power supply system 212, vehicle sensor214, user interface keypad 216, and credit card reader 218.

Controller 200 controls wireless communication subsystem 210 to provideelectronic meter mechanism 72 with wireless communication functionality.As discussed in detail above, wireless communication subsystem 210provides the communication hardware and software that allows metermechanism 72 to send information to and to receive information fromparking management system 18. Signals indicating that payment has beenreceived from money sensor 206 or smart card reader 208 may becommunicated from SSM controller 202 to controller 200, and controller200 may in turn communicate this information to parking managementsystem 18 utilizing wireless communication subsystem 210. Further,controller 200 may communicate information received from power supply212, vehicle sensor 214 and credit card reader 218 to parking managementsystem 18 using wireless communication subsystem 210. In one specificembodiment, controller 200 may communicate data to the SSM controller202 that indicates the receipt of a credit card payment has beenreceived, and SSM controller 202 is configured to add time to the meterand to display additional time based upon the data related to thereceipt of credit card payment.

As discussed above, wireless communication subsystem 210 may includehardware and software to communicate directly with parking managementsystem 18 via cellular telephone communication standards. In otherembodiments, wireless communication subsystem 210 may utilize an RFbased communication standard to communicate with a gateway which in turncommunicates with parking management system 18.

Controller 200 interfaces with power supply 212 to provide power to thecomponents of electronic meter mechanism 72. As shown in FIG. 13, powersupply 212 includes a rechargeable battery 220 and one or more solarcells or solar panels 222 (e.g., front solar panel 90 and/or rear solarpanel 91). Battery 220 may be one or multiple batteries and may powerboth controller 200 and SSM controller 202 and the components coupled toeach controller. Solar panel 222 is coupled to battery 220 and acts torecharge battery 220. Solar panel 222 is physically located on thehousing of meter mechanism 72 such that it may receive sunlighttransmitted through the window located on the front and or rear surfacesof the outer housing of the meter. Controller 200 may receive datarelated to various operating states of power supply 212 and maycommunicate this data to parking management system 18 via wirelesscommunication subsystem 210. For example, controller 200 may receivedata regarding the charge state of battery 220, recharge rate of battery220, the recharge effectiveness or efficiency of solar cell 222, etc.This data may be processed by parking management system 18 to determinewhether a battery and/or solar cell in a particular single-space meterneeds to be replaced.

Controller 200 also interfaces vehicle sensor 214. Vehicle sensor 214may be pole-mount vehicle sensors 20, curb surface-mount sensor 22 orstreet surface-mount sensor 24 discussed above, or any other sensingdevice suitable for vehicle detection of the past, present or future.Vehicle sensor 214 generates a signal indicative of the vehicle locatedin the parking spot associated with electronic meter mechanism 72 andcommunicates the signal to controller 200. Controller 200 maycommunicate information related to the vehicle in the parking space toSSM controller 202, and SSM controller 202 may use this information tooperate the devices under its control. For example, display 204 may beupdated by SSM controller 202 based on the information from vehiclesensor 214 to prompt the user of the parking meter to select the methodof payment to be used for the parking session. Controller 200 may alsotransmit data from vehicle sensor 214 to parking management system 18using wireless communication subsystem 210. In one embodiment, processor200 is configured to process the signal indicative of the presence ofthe vehicle within the parking space received from vehicle sensor 214 todetermine whether a vehicle is parked in the parking space when themeter is expired. In this embodiment, processor 200 is configured tocontrol wireless communication subsystem 210 to transmit data indicativeof a vehicle parked at an expired meter to parking management system 18.

Controller 200 also interfaces with a credit card reader 218 configuredto generate a signal indicative of credit card data of the credit cardreceived by the reader. Credit card reader 218 includes a card detector224 and a mag-strip reader 226. Card detector 224 detects the presenceof a credit card being inserted into the slot of the credit card readerand information indicative of the presence of a credit card iscommunicated to controller 200. Controller 200 may communicate thisinformation to SSM controller 202, and SSM controller 202 may updatedisplay 204 to indicate that payment by credit card is being used.

Controller 200 and/or SSM controller 202 may be configured to execute afunction that allows the user to pay for parking using the credit card.Mag-strip reader 226 reads the credit card information from the user'scredit card. The credit card information is communicated from mag-stripreader 226 to controller 200, and controller 200 communicates thisinformation to a credit card authorization system using wirelesscommunication subsystem 210 for authorization and processing. The creditcard authorization system processes the credit card information, andapproval information from the credit card authorization system isreceived by wireless communication subsystem 210 and is communicated tocontroller 200. If the payment by credit card is approved, controller200 communicates credit card approval to SSM controller 202, and SSMcontroller 202 updates display 204 and adds time to the meter asappropriate. If payment by credit card is not approved, controller 200communicates lack of credit card approval to SSM controller 202, and SSMcontroller 202 updates display 204 with the appropriate message and timeis not added to the meter.

As shown in FIG. 13, communication between the various components ofelectronic meter mechanism 72 is provided by communication links 246.Communication links 246 may be dedicated wires or wireless communicationconnections. Communication links 246 may also represent communicationover a network. Communication links 246 may be communication linksprovided on a printed circuit board, an integrated circuit or may becable connections. One or more communication links 246 may utilizevarious standard cable connections (e.g., Ethernet, USB, RJ-11, etc.),and one or more communication links 246 may utilize custom orproprietary cable connections. In one embodiment, communication links246 may be hardwired connections or couplings that allow forcommunication of data and also for the transmission of power from thepower supply to the various device of the meter mechanism. In variousembodiments, communication links 246 may be any combination of the typesof links discussed herein.

In one embodiment, a new electronic meter mechanism 72 may beconstructed utilizing a first controller 200 to control a first group ofperipherals (e.g., devices 210, 212, 214 and 218) and a secondcontroller 202 to control a second group of peripherals (e.g., devices204, 206, 208 and 216). In other embodiments, an existing electronicmeter mechanism 72 having an SSM meter controller 202 that controls apre-existing group of peripherals (e.g., devices 204-208 and 216) isupgraded by the addition of controller 200 and a new group ofperipherals (e.g., devices 210, 212, 214 and 218). In this embodiment,controller 200 may be physically present on a separate board or chipthan controller 202, and controller 200 may be coupled to communicatewith controller 202 to provide electronic meter mechanism 72 with thefunctions provided by the new group of peripherals. In anotherembodiment, the functionality of controller 200 and SSM controller 202may be provided by a single controller (e.g., a single processingcircuit including hardware and software to control devices 204-208 and210-218).

In one embodiment, display 204 may be an upgraded display (e.g., a colordisplay, high resolution display, graphical display, etc.) that is partof a retrofit unit. In one such embodiment, controller 200 (instead ofSSM controller 202) may control the display of information via display204 in order to provide updated software, processing power, etc. neededto control upgraded display 204. In this embodiment, the display controlfunctionality of SSM controller 202 may be disabled and SSM controller202 may only control devices 206, 208 and 216.

Referring to FIG. 14, a detailed block diagram of peripheral device andcommunication controller 200 is shown according to an exemplaryembodiment. Controller 200 may generally be an electronic control unitsuitable to provide electronic meter mechanism 72 with the variousfunctionalities described herein. For example, controller 200 may be anembedded system, a dedicated circuit, a general purpose system orcircuit programmed with the functionality described herein, etc.Controller 200 includes a processing circuit 230, memory 232, acommunication module and interface 234, a single-space meter module 236,a vehicle sensor module 238, a power supply module 240, a credit cardreader module 242. In one embodiment, controller 200 may include a userinput module 244, which may be disabled in applications in which theuser input device is controlled by SSM controller 202.

Processing circuit 230 may be a general purpose processor, anapplication specific processor (ASIC), a circuit containing one or moreprocessing components, a group of distributed processing components, agroup of distributed computers configured for processing, etc.,configured to provide the functionality of module components ofcontroller 200. Memory 232 (e.g., memory unit, memory device, storagedevice, etc.) may be one or more devices for storing data and/orcomputer code for completing and/or facilitating the various processesdescribed in the present disclosure. Memory 232 may include volatilememory and/or non-volatile memory. Memory 232 may include databasecomponents, object code components, script components, and/or any othertype of information structure for supporting the various activitiesdescribed in the present disclosure.

According to an exemplary embodiment, any distributed and/or localmemory device of the past, present, or future may be utilized with thesystems and methods of this disclosure. According to an exemplaryembodiment, memory 232 is communicably connected to processing circuit230 and module components 234-244 (e.g., via a circuit or any otherwired, wireless, or network connection) and includes computer code forexecuting one or more processes described herein. A single memory unitmay include a variety of individual memory devices, chips, disks, and/orother storage structures or systems.

Module components 234-244 may be computer code (e.g., object code,program code, compiled code, script code, executable code, instructions,programmed instructions, non-transitory programmed instructions, or anycombination thereof), hardware, software, or any combination thereof,for conducting each module's respective functions. Module components234-244 may be stored in memory 232, or in one or more local,distributed, and/or remote memory units configured to be incommunication with processing circuit 230 or another suitable processingsystem.

Communication module and interface 234 includes one or more componentsfor communicably coupling controller 200 to the other components ofparking system 10. For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 13,communication module and interface 234 includes one or more componentsfor communicably coupling controller 200 to the other components ofelectronic meter mechanism 72 via communication links 246. As discussedin more detail below, communication module and interface 234 includesone or more components for communicably coupling controller 200 tovarious components of parking system 10 in various differentconfigurations.

Communication module and interface 234 may include one or more jacks orother hardware for physically coupling communication links 246 tocontroller 200, analog to digital converters, digital to analogconverters, signal processing circuitry, and/or other suitablecomponents. Communication module and interface 234 may include hardwareconfigured to connect controller 200 with the other components ofelectronic meter mechanism 72 via wireless connections. Communicationmodule and interface 234 is configured to support the communicationactivities of controller 200 (e.g., negotiating connections,communication via standard or proprietary protocols, etc.).Communication module and interface 234 is also configured to supportoperation of wireless communication subsystem 210 to provideconnectivity and communication between controller 200 and parkingmanagement system 18 via a wired or wireless network.

Single-space meter module 236 is configured to allow controller 200 tointerface and communicate data with one or more SSM controllers 202.Vehicle sensor module 238 is configured to allow controller 200 tointerface with, communicate data with and/or control one or more vehiclesensors 214. Power supply module 240 is configured to allow controller200 to interface with, communicate data with and/or control power supply212. Power supply module 240 may also be configured to regulate anddistribute power from power supply 212 to power various components ofcontroller 200, or other components of parking system 10 as needed in aparticular arrangement. Credit card reader module 242 is configured toallow controller 200 to interface with, communicate data with and/orcontrol credit card reader 218. Credit card reader module 242 is alsoconfigured to allow controller 200 to interface with a credit cardauthorization system to process credit card payments. User input module244 is configured to allow controller 200 to interface with, communicatedata with and/or control keypad 216.

In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 15-20, peripheral device andcommunication controller 200 is a multi-use controller that may be usedto control various combinations of components of parking system 10. Inthese embodiments, controller 200 may be configured such that one designof controller 200 may be used in various configurations to control andcommunicate with different combinations of parking system components.Thus, a “universal” design of controller 200 provides for flexibilitywhen utilizing controller 200 to upgrade or to provide functionality toan existing parking meter system.

Referring to FIG. 15, an embodiment of peripheral device andcommunication controller 200 is shown as a multi-purpose peripheralboard physically coupled to the main electronics board 400 of asingle-space meter, such as single-space meter 12. In this embodiment,controller 200 provides one, single-space parking meter with control ofadditional peripheral devices 210, 212, 214 and 218 (shown in FIG. 13).As shown in FIG. 15, vehicle sensor 214 is a pole-mounted vehicle sensor20 located in a lower pod or housing coupled to the pole of the parkingmeter (as shown for example in FIG. 1). In this embodiment, controller200 is electrically coupled to and communicates with pole-mountedvehicle sensor 20 via a cable communication link 246. Cablecommunication link 246 is coupled at one end to a connector 402physically coupled to main electronics board 400 and is coupled at theother end to pole-mount vehicle sensor 20.

Also shown in FIG. 15 a wireless communication antenna 260 is coupled tocontroller 200. Antenna 260 is part of wireless communication subsystem210. As noted in FIG. 15, controller 200 may be configured for varioustypes of wireless communication, including GPRS communication and local,RF communication. A processor connector 404 is coupled to controller 200and provides a connection location for additional devices not shown inthe embodiment of FIG. 15.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, main electronics board 400 includesconnectors 406, 408, and 410. In one embodiment, a wired communicationlink 246 connects main electronics board 400 to battery 220, andconnector 406 couples wired communication link 246 to main electronicsboard 400. In one embodiment, battery 220 may include two distinctbatteries, a primary battery and a backup battery. In one embodiment,battery 220 may include two distinct batteries, a rechargeable batteryor battery pack, and a primary battery or battery pack as a backupsource. A solar power cable 412 connects main electronics board 400 toone or more solar panels 222, and connector 408 couples wiredcommunication link 246 to main electronics board 400. A cable 414couples both keypad 216 and credit card reader 218 to main electronicsboard 400, and connector 410 couples cable 414 to main electronics board400. In one embodiment cable 414 is an opto-cable.

In one embodiment shown in FIG. 16, peripheral device and communicationcontroller 200 may be used to provide processing, communication andpower supply management functionality for a stand-alone ormeter-detached vehicle sensor, such as curb surface-mount sensor 22 orstreet surface-mount sensor 24. In this embodiment, controller 200 maybe physically located within the sensor housing of either curbsurface-mount sensor 22 or street surface-mount sensor 24. As part ofthe vehicle sensor assembly, controller 200 is configured to receivedata from a vehicle sensing element 262 via either a wired or wirelesscommunication. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, vehicle sensingelement 262 is coupled to controller 200 by a wired, cable 420, and backconnector 404 provides the interface and physical coupling betweencontroller 200 and cable 420.

In one embodiment, controller 200 provides for the communication of datafrom vehicle sensing element 262 to the single-space meter, to themulti-space meter or to the gateway using RF communication, via antenna260. In another embodiment, controller 200 provides for directcommunication of data from the vehicle sensor to parking managementsystem 18 using cellular communication, such as GPRS communication. Asshown in FIG. 16, controller 200 also is coupled to a battery 422 andsolar panel 424 via combined communication and power connections 246 andprovides for power supply management for vehicle sensing element 262.

Referring to FIG. 17, peripheral device and communication controller 200is shown configured for the control of two single-space parking meters.In the embodiment shown, controller 200 is coupled to communicate withSSM controllers 202 of a first meter 264 and a second meter 266.Controller 200 is also coupled a first vehicle sensor 268 associatedwith first meter 264 and a second vehicle sensor 270 associated withsecond meter 266. In this embodiment, a single, controller 200 providesfor communication with both vehicle sensors and for communication withparking management system 18 for both first meter 264 and second meter266. This arrangement may be particularly advantageous when meters 264and 266 are supported by a single pole and service adjacent parkingspots. In one embodiment, first meter 264 and second meter 266 aresingle-space parking meters, and sensors 268 and 270 are pole mountvehicle sensors 20, mounted to a single support pole that supports bothmeters.

As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 17, controller includes both a backconnector 404 and a front connector 426. A cable 430 couples meter 264to controller 200, and front connector 426 provide the interface andphysically couples cable 430 to controller 200. A cable 432 couplesvehicle sensor 268 to controller 200, and front connector 426 physicallycouples cable 432 to controller 200. A cable 436 couples meter 266 tocontroller 200, and back connector 404 physically couples cable 436 tocontroller 200. A cable 438 couples sensor 270 to controller 200, andback connector 404 physically couples cable 438 to controller 200.

Referring to FIG. 18, a detailed block diagram of a single peripheraldevice and communication controller 200 is shown providing control oftwo sets of additional peripheral devices 210-218 (discussed in detailabove regarding FIG. 13) for two single-space parking meters. FIG. 18shows a single controller 200 interfacing with two single-space meters,a vehicle sensor associated with each meter, a battery and solar panelassociated with each meter, a keypad associated with each meter and acredit card reader associated with each meter.

Specifically, FIG. 18 shows controller 200 coupled to a first keypad 450associated with the first single-space parking meter and to a secondkeypad 452 associated the second single-space parking meter. Controller200 is coupled to a first SSM controller 454 associated with the firstsingle-space parking meter and to a second SSM controller 456 associatedwith the second single-space parking meter. Controller 200 is coupled toa first vehicle sensor 458 associated with the first single-spaceparking meter and to a second vehicle sensor 460 associated with thesecond single-space parking meter. Controller 200 is coupled to a firstcredit card reader 462 associated with the first single-space parkingmeter and to a second credit card reader 464 associated with the secondsingle-space parking meter.

In the embodiment of FIG. 18, controller 200 is coupled to a powersubsystem 470 that provides power to both the first and secondsingle-space meters. Controller 200 is configured to regulate and tocontrol power distribution to the devices of both the first and secondsingle-space meters from the single power subsystem 470. Power subsystem470 includes a primary battery 472, a rechargeable battery 474, a firstsolar panel 476 coupled to rechargeable battery 474 and a second solarpanel 478. Controller 200 is also coupled to a single wirelesscommunication subsystem 210. In this embodiment, controller 200 controlswireless communication between both the first and second single-spacemeters and parking management system 18. This arrangement allows asingle controller 200 and a single set of wireless communicationshardware to provide wireless communication with parking managementsystem 18 for two parking meters. In other embodiments, controller 200is configured to control at least two single-space meters and to controlwireless communications for at least two single-space meters.

Controller 200 is also configured for connection to and communicationwith a diagnostic and test system 480. Diagnostic and test system 480may be located within parking management system 18 and may utilize thewireless communication functionality of controller 200 to rundiagnostics on either of the single-space meters or controller 200. Inother embodiments, diagnostic and test system 480 may be a system thatis physically coupled to the meter to run diagnostics on either of thesingle-space meters or controller 200.

Further, FIG. 18 shows controller 200 communicably coupled to a cameramodule, shown including a first camera 272 and a second camera 274, eachassociated with one of the single-space meters. Cameras 272 and 274 areconfigured to capture image data of the vehicle located in the parkingspot associated with each meter, and specifically may be configured toobtain an image of the license plate of each vehicle located in eachparking spot. This information may then be communicated to parkingmanagement system 18 for processing and for use related to anenforcement activity (e.g., the mailing of a parking ticket directly tothe owner of the vehicle if parking regulations were violated). Further,controller 200 may be coupled to non-volatile memory 482 to provide foradditional local data storage. In one embodiment, non-volatile memory482 may be flash memory of different any size desired for a particularapplication (e.g., 1 MB, 2 MB, 3 MB, 5 MB, 10 MB, etc.). In oneembodiment, diagnostics and test system 480 may be testing anddiagnostics software embedded on non-volatile flash memory 482.

Referring to FIG. 19, peripheral device and communication controller 200is shown providing vehicle sensing functionality, solar cell/batteryfunctionality and communication functionality as a retrofit unit for asingle-space meter. In this embodiment, the pre-existing single-spacemeter 407 is connected to controller 200 using an RJ-11 connection 405,and communication between controller 200 and SSM controller 202 occursvia the RJ-11 connection. In another embodiment, controller 200 providesonly vehicle sensing functionality and solar/battery functionality tometer 407, but does not provide for communication to parking managementsystem 18.

Referring to FIG. 20, peripheral device and communication controller 200may be configured to act as a gateway (such as gateway 36 and 38discussed above) to receive information from parking meters or fromstand-alone vehicle sensors within parking system 10 and to communicatethe received information via a wireless network to parking managementsystem 18. In this embodiment, controller 200 is coupled to a powersupply having one or more solar panel and a battery. Controller 200 isalso coupled to a modem, such as wireless modem 278, for cellularcommunication (e.g., 2.5 G, 3G, 4G, etc.) with parking management system18. In other embodiments, controller 200 utilized as a gateway cancommunicate with parking management system 18 using other methods (e.g.,WIFI, various wired connections, etc.).

Referring to FIG. 21, a process for upgrading a single-space parkingmeter 300 with a new electronic meter mechanism, such as electronicmeter mechanism 72, is shown, according to an exemplary embodiment.Single-space meter 300 includes an existing electronic meter mechanism302 having a payment structure 304. In one embodiment, payment structure304 of existing electronic meter mechanism 302 includes a coin slot anda smart card reader, but does not include a credit card reader having amag-strip reader. In another embodiment, payment structure 304 of oldsingle-space meter 300 includes a coin slot, but does not include eithera credit card reader with a mag-strip reader or a smart card reader (seeFIG. 25).

As shown in FIG. 21(a) and FIG. 21(b), existing electronic metermechanism 302 is located within an outer meter housing 306, and outermeter housing 306 defines an internal space that receives existingelectronic meter mechanism 302. A window 308 is located in an upperportion 310 of housing 306 such that the display of existing electronicmeter mechanism 302 is visible through window 308. To remove existingelectronic meter mechanism 302, outer meter housing 306 is unlocked, andupper portion 310 is moved exposing existing electronic meter mechanism302. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21(b), upper portion 310 isconnected to a lower portion 314 of outer meter housing 306 via a hinge312, and upper portion 310 is rotated about hinge 312 exposing existingelectronic meter mechanism 302. In other embodiments, upper portion 310of meter housing may be coupled to lower portion 314 via other types ofconnections or couplings. For example, upper portion 310 may include astructure (e.g., a dove-tail) that is received within a correspondingstructure of lower portion 314, and upper portion disengages from orslides off of lower portion 314.

As can be seen in FIGS. 21(a) and 21(b), payment structure 304 ofexisting meter mechanism 302 is received within a preexisting paymentopening, shown as aperture 316, located in the front or sidewalk-facingface of outer meter housing 306. Payment structure 304 of existing metermechanism 302 extends through aperture 316 a short distance such thatthe front surface of payment structure 304 is slightly recessed or issubstantially flush with the front surface of outer meter housing 306and does not extend out of aperture 316 beyond the front face of themeter housing.

As shown in FIG. 21(c), with upper portion 310 moved or removed,existing electronic meter mechanism 302 is lifted upwardly and out ofmeter housing 306 exposing the inner cavity 318 of meter housing 306. Asshown in FIG. 21(d), a new electronic meter mechanism 72 is placed intocavity 318 of meter housing 306. It should be noted that new electronicmeter mechanism 72 fits within the same cavity 318 of meter housing 306as old electronic meter mechanism 302, without requiring revision,alteration or widening of cavity 318 or alteration of outer meterhousing 306.

As can be seen in FIG. 21(e), payment/user-interface structure 82 ofelectronic meter mechanism 72 extends through aperture 316 a distancesuch that the front surface of payment/user interface structure 82 isspaced a distance from front face of meter housing 306. In thisembodiment, both the entry slot of the credit card reader and the moneyslot of the new meter mechanism 72 are accessible through preexistingaperture 316. It should be noted that payment/user-interface structure82 is sized such that it fits through the same aperture 316 as paymentstructure 304 of the old electronic meter mechanism 302.Payment/user-interface structure 82 is sized such that it fits throughthe same aperture 316 as payment structure 304 of the old electronicmeter mechanism 302 without requiring revision, alteration or wideningof aperture 316. Further, the portion of housing 306 immediately belowaperture 316 is received within gap 284 (shown in FIG. 23) of the newmeter mechanism 72.

Referring to FIG. 21(f) and FIG. 21(g), with new meter mechanism 72placed within cavity 318, upper portion 310 is rotated to the closedposition such that new meter mechanism 72 is secured within meterhousing 306 such that the display screen of meter mechanism 72 isviewable through window 308. It should be noted, that new metermechanism 72 is sized such that upper portion 310 can close over newmeter mechanism 72 without requiring revision to upper portion 310.Following closure of upper portion 310, outer housing 306 may be lockedsealing electronic meter housing 72 within housing 306. As can be seenin FIG. 21(e) and FIG. 21(g), front solar panel 90 of electronic metermechanism 72 is positioned such that with upper portion 310 in theclosed position, front solar panel 90 is located within outer meterhousing 306 and below window 308. This configuration allows both lightto strike front solar panel 90 while providing solar panel 90 with theprotection afforded by meter housing 306. Rear solar panel 91 ispositioned such that light that passes through the rear window strikesrear solar panel 91. In these embodiments, window 308 (and the rearwindow) are in substantially the same position or location after the newmeter mechanism is installed and meter housing 306 is closed.

Thus, as shown in FIG. 21(a)-21(g), an old electronic meter mechanismmay be replaced with a new meter mechanism 72 providing an updated orupgraded parking meter that provides the various functionalitiesdiscussed herein. Specifically, in one embodiment, new meter mechanism72 provides a parking meter having a credit card reader, a money sensor,a display, a smart card reader, a user interface (e.g., a keypad) and asolar panel and battery that fits inside the same outer housing thatheld the old meter mechanism without requiring any revision to the outermeter housing. The outer housing that holds new meter mechanism has thesame size, shape and internal volume as it did holding the old metermechanism. Further, new meter mechanism 72 also provides capability forwireless communication with parking management system 18 within the sameouter housing that held the old meter mechanism without requiring anyrevision to or restructuring of the outer meter housing, and new metermechanism 72 also provides for communication with a vehicle sensor andprocessing of vehicle sensor data within the same outer housing thatheld the old meter mechanism without requiring any revision to orrestructuring of the outer meter housing. In one embodiment, the upgrademethod includes delivering an upgraded meter mechanism, such as metermechanism 72, to a recipient, and the recipient preforms the steps toremove the old meter and add the new meter to the housing, shown in FIG.21(a)-21(g). Further, meter mechanism 72 is shaped and is positionedwithin the outer meter housing to be accessible from a wheelchair, andin one specific embodiment, following insertion of meter mechanism 72into the outer housing, the user input, payment devices and display arepositioned at a height above the ground and at an angle in order to becompliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Referring to FIG. 25 and FIG. 26, a process for upgrading a single-spaceparking meter 340 with a new electronic meter mechanism, such aselectronic meter mechanism 72, is shown, according to an exemplaryembodiment. The process shown in FIG. 25 and FIG. 26 is similar to theprocess shown FIG. 21 except for the primary differences discussedbelow. FIG. 25(a) shows a parking meter 340, and FIG. 25(b) shows thehousing of parking meter 340 being unlocked by key 341. As shown in FIG.25(c), parking meter 340 includes an upper housing portion or cap 342that is not connected via a hinge to the lower meter housing. In theembodiment shown, upper housing portion 342 includes brackets 344 thatengage corresponding structures in the lower meter housing. Upperhousing portion 342 is removed by disengaging brackets 344 from thelower housing.

With upper housing portion 342 removed, old meter mechanism 346 may beremoved leaving the lower housing of meter 340 empty as shown in FIG.25(d). Parking meter 340 may be upgraded by inserting or installing anew meter mechanism 72 into the cavity of the lower housing of meter340, as shown in FIG. 25(e). Old meter mechanism 346 is an example of ameter mechanism having only a coin payment mechanism that may bereplaced with electronic meter mechanism 72.

Referring to FIG. 25(f), electronic meter mechanism 72 is shown receivedwithin the meter housing. With electronic meter mechanism 72 receivedwithin the outer meter housing, rear surface 288 (shown in FIG. 23) ofkeypad housing 282 is positioned substantially flush against the frontsurface of the outer meter housing. As noted above, this engagement mayassist in properly locating electronic meter mechanism 72 relative tothe outer meter housing and may assist is coupling electronic metermechanism 72 to the outer meter housing. As shown in FIG. 25(g), rearsolar panel 91 is positioned on the shelf extending from below display54 such that, when cap 342 is reconnected to the lower meter housing,rear solar panel 91 is located below the rear window formed in cap 342.This arrangement allows light to pass through the rear window and tostrike rear solar panel.

Referring to FIGS. 25(h) and 25(i), front and rear views, respectively,of meter 340 are shown following installation of electronic metermechanism 72. As shown in FIG. 25(h), front solar panel 90 is locatedbeneath the front window 348 of upper housing portion 342. As shown inFIG. 25(i), rear solar panel 91 is located beneath rear window 350 ofupper housing portion 342. In one embodiment, upper housing portion 342may be placed over electronic meter mechanism 72 and coupled to thelower housing portion without requiring revision or modification to themeter housing.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, depending on the configuration ofthe meter housing containing old electronic meter mechanism 346, somerevision to the meter housing may be needed in order to installelectronic meter mechanism 72. For example, referring to FIG. 26, upperhousing portion 342 may include a plate 352. Plate 352 includes a panel354 containing information (e.g., rate information, parking times, etc.)that is visible through rear window 350 prior to meter upgrade and ispositioned in the area that will be occupied by rear solar panel 91.Thus, in one embodiment, plate 352 may be removed from upper housingportion 342 during the installation of electronic meter mechanism 72, sothat rear solar panel 91 is not covered by plate.

Referring to FIG. 27 and FIG. 28, another embodiment of electronic metermechanism, shown as electronic meter mechanism 500, is shown accordingto an exemplary embodiment. Electronic meter mechanism 500 issubstantially similar to meter mechanism 72 except for the differencesnoted below. Electronic meter mechanism 500 includes a removable memorydevice 502 and a memory device port, shown as slot 504. FIG. 27 showsremovable memory device 502 received within slot 504. Slot 504 is anopening or aperture that extends through inner housing 506 that allowsremovable memory device 502 to engage electrical contacts of a memorydevice reader located inside inner housing 506. In the embodiment shownin FIG. 27, slot 504 is formed through a lateral surface of innerhousing 506. Lateral positioning of slot 504 makes slot 504 and memorydevice 502 less conspicuous to the user of meter 12, when the metermechanism is received within outer housing 42.

Referring to FIG. 28, memory device 502 includes an outer section 510and an inner portion 512 including electrical contacts 514. Wheninstalled into slot 504, inner portion 512 is received within innerhousing 506 and electrical contacts 514 are engaged with opposingcontacts of a memory device reader located within slot 504. Theelectrical contact provided by electrical contacts 514 allows parkingmeter control system 50 to read and write data to memory device 502.Electrical contacts 514 provide a sliding electrical contact with thecorresponding contacts within outer housing 506. Outer section 510extends outward beyond the outer surface of inner housing 506 andprovides a gripping surface that may be gripped to remove or installmemory device 502.

Single space meter 12 includes a removable, read-write memory device502. Generally, removable memory device 502 stores information and/orsoftware that can be utilized by single space meter 12 to allow singlespace meter 12 to operate properly based on the physical location ofmeter 12 within parking system 10 and based upon the particular parkingsystem 10 (e.g., meter configurations specialized for a particular citysuch display of city name). As explained in more detail below, memorydevice 502 may be removed from a first, current or pre-existing metermechanism 500 located within a particular outer meter housing 70 andinserted into a socket or port on a new meter mechanism 500 that is toreplace the current meter mechanism. The new meter mechanism 500 readsthe data from memory device 502 and utilizes the data to program the newmeter mechanism 500 to function properly based on the physical locationof meter 12 within parking system 10 and based upon the particularparking system 10.

In various embodiments, memory device 502 may store locationidentification information representative of the physical location ofouter meter housing 70 that the new meter mechanism is being installedinto. Memory device 502 may also include payment informationrepresentative of parking payments received by the meter. For examplepayment information may include audit data indicating the amount ofcurrency that has been received by the meter and that should be locatedin the currency holder within outer meter housing 70. Paymentinformation may also include information regarding credit cardtransactions received by the meter including batched credit cardtransaction data that were not able to receive real-time credit cardauthorization. Memory device 502 may also include meter mechanismconfiguration data. Configuration data may include rate information(e.g., information indicating the parking rate and parking times thatthe rate applies), display configuration files (e.g., data that is usedby the meter mechanism controller to display the appropriate informationon the electronic display screen of the meter) and metersoftware/firmware (e.g., the appropriate software/firmware versions thatallow the meter mechanism to operate within the particular parkingsystem).

Further, meter mechanism 500 includes an integrated payment and inputstructure 520 that includes a four button key pad 522. Key pad 522 isvertically oriented having a front face that is substantially parallelto the vertical axis of meter mechanism 500. Further, key pad 522 islocated in a depression or recess formed in key pad housing 524 suchthat the front surface of key pad 522 is recess relative to key padhousing 524. Meter mechanism 500 includes a front solar panel 530located on a front support 526. Front support 526 is a portion of innerhousing 506 that extends upward from a horizontal surface 528 locatedbelow display screen 54 and above key pad 522. Front support 526includes an upper surface that supports solar panel 530. As shown inFIG. 27, front support 526 is positioned and oriented such that solarpanel 530 is in substantially the same position and orientation as solarpanel 90 shown in FIG. 9.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects ofthe invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view ofthis description. Accordingly, this description is to be construed asillustrative only. The construction and arrangements, shown in thevarious exemplary embodiments, are illustrative only. While the currentapplication recites particular combinations of features in the variousembodiments discussed herein, various embodiments of the inventionrelate to any combination of any of the features described herein, andany such combination of features may be claimed in this or futureapplications. Any of the features, elements, or components of any of theexemplary embodiments discussed above may be claimed alone or incombination with any of the features, elements, or components of any ofthe other embodiments discussed above.

Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in thisdisclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes,dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements,values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors,orientations, etc.) without materially departing from the novelteachings and advantages of the subject matter described herein. Invarious exemplary embodiments, the relative dimensions, includingangles, lengths and radii, as shown in the Figures are to scale. Actualmeasurements of the Figures will disclose relative dimensions and anglesof the various exemplary embodiments. Various exemplary embodimentsinclude any combination of one or more relative dimensions or anglesthat may be determined from the Figures. Further, actual dimensions notexpressly set out in this description can be determined by using theratios of dimensions measured in the Figures in combination with theexpress dimensions set out in this description. Some elements shown asintegrally formed may be constructed of multiple parts or elements, theposition of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the natureor number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied.The order or sequence of any process, logical algorithm, or method stepsmay be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments.Other substitutions, modifications, changes and omissions may also bemade in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the variousexemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the presentinvention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic parking meter system comprising: aninner housing including a front side and rear side; an electronicdisplay screen supported by the inner housing; a first processorconfigured to control the electronic display screen and configured toperform parking meter time keeping functions; a wireless communicationsubsystem supported by the inner housing configured to wirelesslycommunicate with at least one of a parking management system and a broadspectrum radar vehicle sensor with an occupied or necessary bandwidthgreater than 10 MHz; and a second processor configured to executeprogram steps from at least one of program instructions and microcode,the second processor communicably coupled with the wirelesscommunication subsystem and communicably coupled with at least one of anetwork based parking management system and the broad spectrum radarvehicle sensor.
 2. The electronic parking meter system of claim 1wherein the first processor is communicably coupled to the secondprocessor and configured to communicate meter time to or receive vehicleoccupancy data from the second processor, and the second processor isconfigured to control the wireless communication subsystem tocommunicate at least one of the meter time data and vehicle occupancydata.
 3. The electronic parking meter system of claim 1 furthercomprising a broad spectrum radar vehicle sensor with occupied ornecessary bandwidth greater than 10 MHz communicably coupled to thesecond processor, using at least one of a wired and wireless connectionand the connection being at least one of analog and digital, the vehiclesensor configured to detect a vehicle located within a parking space, togenerate a signal indicative of the presence of the vehicle within theparking space and to receive or process the signal in the secondprocessor.
 4. The electronic parking meter system of claim 3 wherein thesecond processor is configured to process the signal indicative of thepresence of the vehicle within the parking space to determine whether avehicle is parked in the parking space when the meter is expired, andfurther wherein the second processor is configured to control thewireless communication subsystem to transmit data indicative of avehicle parked at an expired meter to the parking management system. 5.The electronic parking meter system of claim 3, wherein the broadspectrum radar is mounted on a raised fixture on a mechanical supportstructure that is also used for the single space meter comprising atleast one of a portion of a meter pole and a parking meter housing. 6.The electronic parking meter system of claim 3, wherein the broadspectrum radar is detached from a meter pole and a parking meter housingand is mounted in-ground, on a surface of a road, or on a face of acurb.
 7. The electronic parking meter system of claim 1 furthercomprising a user input device located on the front side of the innerhousing, wherein the first processor is configured to receive inputsignals from the user input device.
 8. The electronic parking metersystem of claim 7 further comprising: a currency reader supported by theinner housing and including a slot for receiving currency, the currencyreader communicably coupled to the first processor and configured togenerate a signal indicating that currency has been received by theslot, wherein the first processor is configured to receive and toprocess the signal from the currency reader and to add time to the meterbased upon the signal from the currency reader; and an electronicpayment reader based on at least one of a RFID reader, a wirelessreader, a contactless reader, a contact reader, a smart card reader, anda mag-strip reader, and supported by the inner housing and communicablycoupled to the second processor and configured to generate a signalindicative of payment data, wherein the second processor is configuredto receive and process the payment data received from the electronicpayment reader.
 9. The electronic parking meter system of claim 8wherein the second processor is configured to control the wirelesscommunication subsystem to communicate the payment data to the parkingmanagement system.
 10. The electronic parking meter system of claim 9wherein the second processor communicates data related to the receipt ofcredit card payment to the first processor and the first processor isconfigured to add time to the meter based upon the data related to thereceipt of the credit card payment.
 11. The electronic parking metersystem of claim 8 wherein the first processor is communicably coupled tothe second processor, and the first processor communicates data relatedto the receipt of currency to the second processor and the secondprocessor communicates data related to the receipt of currency to theparking management system via the wireless communication subsystem. 12.The electronic parking meter system of claim 1 wherein the firstprocessor is the processor of an existing single space parking meter,and the second processor is a component of a retrofittable unitconfigured to provide wireless communication to at least one of theexisting single space parking meter and the vehicle sensor.
 13. Theelectronic parking meter system of claim 1 further comprising a batteryand a solar panel, wherein at least one of the first and secondprocessors are powered by the battery and the solar panel.
 14. Anelectronic parking meter peripheral control system configured tocommunicate with a single space meter processor that controls thedisplay and time keeping functions of a single space parking meter, thecontrol system comprising: a processor configured to be communicablycoupled to the single space meter processor; wireless communicationhardware communicably coupled to the processor; wherein the processor isconfigured to communicate with the single space meter processor and isfurther configured to control the wireless communications hardware totransmit at least one of occupancy and payment data to at least one ofthe processor and a parking management system; an interface communicablycoupled to the processor; at least one of a wired communication link anda wireless communication link communicably coupled between the interfaceand the single space meter processor; and a broad spectrum radar vehiclesensor with an occupied or necessary bandwidth greater than 10 MHz. 15.The electronic parking meter peripheral control system of claim 14wherein the single space meter processor is the processor of an existingsingle space parking meter, and the electronic parking meter peripheralcontrol system is a retrofittable unit configured to be removablyattached to the existing single space parking meter.
 16. The electronicparking meter peripheral control system of claim 15 being furtherconfigured to communicate with a second single space meter processorthat controls the display and time keeping functions of a second singlespace parking meter, the system further comprising: a second interfacecommunicably coupled to the processor; and a second wired communicationlink communicably coupled between the second interface and the secondsingle space meter processor.
 17. The electronic parking meterperipheral control system of claim 14 further comprising a vehiclesensor communicably coupled to the processor, the vehicle sensorconfigured to detect a vehicle located within a parking space, togenerate a signal indicative of the presence of the vehicle within theparking space and to communicate the signal to the processor, whereinthe processor is configured to control the wireless communicationshardware to communicate data regarding the presence of a vehicle in theparking space to at least one of the parking management system and thesingle space parking meter.
 18. The electronic parking meter peripheralcontrol system of claim 17, wherein the processor is configured toprocess the signal indicative of the presence of the vehicle within theparking space to determine whether a vehicle is parked in the parkingspace, and further wherein the processor is configured to control thewireless communication subsystem to transmit data indicative of at leastone of the vehicle occupancy states and parking meter expiry state to atleast one of the parking management system and the single space parkingmeter.
 19. An electronic parking meter device comprising: an innerhousing including a front side and rear side; wireless communicationhardware supported by the inner housing configured to wirelesslycommunicate with at least one of a parking management system and aperipheral controller; an electronic payment reader comprising at leastone of a RFID reader, a RF reader, a contactless reader, a contactreader, a smartcard reader, a debit card reader, a credit card reader,and a mag-strip reader, supported by the inner housing; a currencyreader including a slot for receiving currency located on the front sideof the inner housing; an electronic display screen supported by theinner housing; a keypad located below the slot of the currency reader; abroad spectrum radar vehicle sensor with an occupied or necessarybandwidth greater than 10 MHz configured to detect a vehicle locatedwithin a parking space associated with the electronic meter mechanismand to generate a signal indicative of the presence of the vehiclewithin the parking space a first processor configured to perform parkingmeter time keeping functions and configured to control the electronicdisplay screen; and a second processor capable of executing programsteps from at least one of program instructions and microcode andconfigured to receive signals from at least one of the electronicpayment reader and the vehicle sensor and being communicably coupled toa wireless communications interface.
 20. The electronic parking meterdevice of claim 19 wherein the second processor is also configured toreceive signals from at least one of the currency reader and the keypadand configured to control the electronic display screen.
 21. Theelectronic parking meter device of claim 19 wherein the first processoris also configured to receive signals from the currency reader and thekeypad.
 22. The electronic parking meter device of claim 21 wherein thefirst processor is communicably coupled to the second processor, whereinfirst processor is configured to communicate data related to the receiptof currency to the second processor and the second processor isconfigured to communicate data related to the receipt of currency to theparking management system via the wireless communication hardware andthe second processor communicates data related to the receipt of acredit card payment to the first processor and the first processor isconfigured to add time to the meter based upon the data related to thereceipt of the credit card payment.
 23. The electronic parking meterdevice of claim 19, wherein the broad spectrum radar is mounted above asurface of the road.
 24. The electronic parking meter device of claim19, wherein the broad spectrum radar is mounted on a mechanical supportstructure supported by a meter pole comprising at least one of a portionof the meter pole and a housing that is mounted on the meter pole.